% Bibliographie de l'etude des drops de Q (https://github.com/s-geffroy/QAnon), CC BY 4.0.
% Fichier genere a partir de src/data/bibliography.yaml : ne pas le modifier a la main.
% Regenerer : sudo appctl run worker sh -c 'cd /app && python3 -m qanon.site.biblio' > src/data/bibliography.bib
% 353 references

@techreport{aas2020qanon,
  author = {Amadeu Antonio Stiftung},
  title = {{QAnon in Germany}},
  year = {2020},
  institution = {Amadeu Antonio Stiftung},
  publisher = {Amadeu Antonio Stiftung},
  url = {https://www.amadeu-antonio-stiftung.de/en/publications/qanon-in-germany/},
  langid = {english}
}

@inproceedings{adams2022knowledge,
  author = {Adams, Clay and Bozhidarova, Malvina and Chen, James and Gao, Andrew and Liu, Zhengtong and Priniski, J. Hunter and Lin, Junyuan and Sonthalia, Rishi and Bertozzi, Andrea L. and Brantingham, P. Jeffrey},
  title = {{Knowledge Graphs of the QAnon Twitter Network}},
  year = {2022},
  booktitle = {2022 IEEE International Conference on Big Data (Big Data)},
  publisher = {IEEE},
  doi = {10.1109/bigdata55660.2022.10021128},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1109/bigdata55660.2022.10021128},
  date = {2022-12-17},
  langid = {english}
}

@techreport{adl2021qanon,
  author = {Anti-Defamation League},
  title = {{QAnon: A Glossary}},
  year = {2021},
  institution = {ADL Center on Extremism},
  publisher = {ADL Center on Extremism},
  url = {https://www.adl.org/resources/article/qanon-glossary},
  date = {2021-01-21},
  langid = {english}
}

@techreport{adl2022after,
  author = {Anti-Defamation League},
  title = {{After 18-Month Hiatus, New QAnon Posts Surface}},
  year = {2022},
  institution = {ADL Center on Extremism},
  publisher = {ADL Center on Extremism},
  url = {https://www.adl.org/resources/article/after-18-month-hiatus-new-qanon-posts-surface},
  date = {2022-06-29},
  langid = {english}
}

@misc{afp2020mouvance,
  author = {AFP},
  title = {{La mouvance QAnon, née dans les milieux pro-Trump, est en train de se répandre en Europe: "Des signaux inquiétants"}},
  year = {2020},
  howpublished = {La Libre},
  url = {https://www.lalibre.be/international/europe/la-mouvance-qanon-nee-dans-les-milieux-pro-trump-est-en-train-de-se-repandre-en-europe-des-signaux-inquietants-5f5f52a49978e2322ffa3000},
  date = {2020-09-14},
  langid = {french}
}

@incollection{ahmed2023social,
  author = {Ahmed, Wasim and Smith, Marc},
  title = {{Social Network Analysis Techniques Using NodeXL for Analyzing Disinformation Related to QAnon}},
  year = {2023},
  booktitle = {The Social Science of QAnon},
  pages = {216--233},
  publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
  doi = {10.1017/9781009052061.018},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009052061.018},
  editor = {Miller, Monica K.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{ai2024what,
  author = {Ai, Lin and Chen, Yu-Wen and Yu, Yuwen and Kweon, Seoyoung and Hirschberg, Julia and Levitan, Sarah Ita},
  title = {{What Makes A Video Radicalizing? Identifying Sources of Influence in QAnon Videos}},
  year = {2024},
  journal = {arXiv preprint arXiv:2404.14616},
  doi = {10.48550/arxiv.2404.14616},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2404.14616},
  langid = {english}
}

@misc{aidarbekova2022russia,
  author = {Aidarbekova, Aiganysh},
  title = {{Russia’s QAnon Followers Can’t Make Up Their Minds About Ukraine}},
  year = {2022},
  howpublished = {Bellingcat},
  url = {https://www.bellingcat.com/news/2022/04/15/russias-qanon-followers-cant-make-up-their-minds-about-ukraine/},
  date = {2022-04-15},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{alber2025disruptive,
  author = {Alber, Jan},
  title = {{Disruptive Stories, Narrative Literacy, and the Case of QAnon}},
  year = {2025},
  journal = {Journal of Narrative Theory},
  volume = {55},
  pages = {81--102},
  doi = {10.1353/jnt.2025.a961005},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1353/jnt.2025.a961005},
  number = {1},
  langid = {english}
}

@misc{aliapoulios2021large,
  author = {Aliapoulios, Max and Bevensee, Emmi and Blackburn, Jeremy and Bradlyn, Barry and De Cristofaro, Emiliano and Stringhini, Gianluca and Zannettou, Savvas},
  title = {{A Large Open Dataset from the Parler Social Network}},
  year = {2021},
  howpublished = {Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media},
  volume = {15},
  pages = {943--951},
  doi = {10.1609/icwsm.v15i1.18117},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1609/icwsm.v15i1.18117},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{amarasingam2020qanon,
  author = {Amarasingam, Amarnath and Argentino, Marc-André},
  title = {{The QAnon Conspiracy Theory: A Security Threat in the Making?}},
  year = {2020},
  journal = {CTC Sentinel},
  volume = {13},
  url = {https://ctc.westpoint.edu/the-qanon-conspiracy-theory-a-security-threat-in-the-making/},
  number = {7},
  langid = {english}
}

@incollection{amarasingam2023categorizing,
  author = {Amarasingam, Amarnath and Argentino, Marc-André and Johnston, Dakota and Mosurinjohn, Sharday},
  title = {{Categorizing QAnon}},
  year = {2023},
  booktitle = {The Social Science of QAnon},
  pages = {271--290},
  publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
  doi = {10.1017/9781009052061.022},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009052061.022},
  langid = {english}
}

@phdthesis{andrade2023qamoms,
  author = {Andrade, Teresa M.},
  title = {{QAMOMS: Understanding How Women Shaped the QAnon Movement in the United States of America}},
  year = {2023},
  school = {Naval Postgraduate School},
  publisher = {Naval Postgraduate School},
  url = {https://hdl.handle.net/10945/72316},
  langid = {english}
}

@inproceedings{anwar2021analyzing,
  author = {Anwar, Ahmed and Ilyas, Haider and Yaqub, Ussama and Zaman, Salma},
  title = {{Analyzing QAnon on Twitter in Context of US Elections 2020: Analysis of User Messages and Profiles Using VADER and BERT Topic modeling}},
  year = {2021},
  booktitle = {DG.O2021: The 22nd Annual International Conference on Digital Government Research},
  publisher = {ACM},
  doi = {10.1145/3463677.3463718},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3463677.3463718},
  date = {2021-06-09},
  langid = {english}
}

@phdthesis{appleby2025trust,
  author = {Appleby, Margaret Fannon},
  title = {{Trust the Game: Gamification and the Rise of Online Conspiracy Theories}},
  year = {2025},
  school = {Virginia Tech},
  publisher = {Virginia Tech},
  url = {https://hdl.handle.net/10919/124213},
  langid = {english}
}

@misc{argentino2020qanon,
  author = {Argentino, Marc-André},
  title = {{QAnon est banni de Facebook, mais la bataille contre les théories du complot n'est pas gagnée}},
  year = {2020},
  howpublished = {The Conversation},
  publisher = {The Conversation Media Group Ltd},
  doi = {10.64628/aap.q36qxhduk},
  date = {2020-10-20},
  langid = {french}
}

@misc{argentino2021qanon,
  author = {Argentino, Marc-André},
  title = {{QAnon et l'assaut du Capitole : l'effet réel des théories du complot en ligne}},
  year = {2021},
  howpublished = {The Conversation (France)},
  doi = {10.64628/aap.kfpff743d},
  url = {https://theconversation.com/qanon-et-lassaut-du-capitole-leffet-reel-des-theories-du-complot-en-ligne-152853},
  date = {2021-01-07},
  langid = {french}
}

@incollection{argentino2021they,
  author = {Argentino, Marc-André and Amarasingam, Amarnath},
  title = {{They Got It All under Control: QAnon, Conspiracy Theories, and the New Threats to Canadian National Security}},
  year = {2021},
  booktitle = {Stress Tested: The COVID-19 Pandemic and Canadian National Security (eds. Leah West, Thomas Juneau, Amarnath Amarasingam)},
  pages = {15--32},
  publisher = {University of Calgary Press},
  doi = {10.1515/9781773852454-003},
  url = {https://ucalgary.scholaris.ca/items/80715ee9-3cc4-4e34-8ed4-a0fc0ac43daf},
  langid = {english}
}

@book{argentino2025qanon,
  author = {Argentino, Marc-André},
  title = {{QAnon: From Conspiracy Theory to New Religious Movement}},
  year = {2025},
  publisher = {Routledge},
  doi = {10.4324/9781032704920},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.4324/9781032704920},
  langid = {english}
}

@incollection{argentino2025silence,
  author = {Argentino, Marc-André and Celestini, Carmen and Amarasingam, Amarnath},
  title = {{The Silence of Q}},
  year = {2025},
  booktitle = {Contemporary Far-Right Culture: The Art, Music, and Everyday Practices of Violent Extremism},
  pages = {1--18},
  publisher = {Routledge},
  doi = {10.4324/9781003425816-1},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003425816-1},
  langid = {english}
}

@incollection{argentino2026explaining,
  author = {Argentino, Marc-André},
  title = {{Explaining QAnon as Lived Religion}},
  year = {2026},
  booktitle = {Explaining Extreme Belief and Behavior},
  pages = {287--308},
  publisher = {Oxford University Press},
  doi = {10.1093/9780197768914.003.0014},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1093/9780197768914.003.0014},
  editor = {Peels, Rik and Dawson, Lorne L.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{atkinson2024toward,
  author = {Atkinson, Joshua D. and Dorr, Matthew and Pedasanaganti, Vamsi Chaitanya and Sharma, Shudipta},
  title = {{Toward an Understanding of Centralized Intertextual Fortification: The Case of Commercially Oriented Qanon Content Creators}},
  year = {2024},
  journal = {Journal of Communication Inquiry},
  volume = {49},
  pages = {44--62},
  doi = {10.1177/01968599241231281},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1177/01968599241231281},
  number = {1},
  langid = {english}
}

@phdthesis{aubry2024qanon,
  author = {Aubry, Odessa},
  title = {{QAnon en France : étude des perceptions et analyse des mécanismes de diffusion et d'adhésion aux théories conspirationnistes}},
  year = {2024},
  school = {Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier 3},
  publisher = {Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier 3},
  url = {https://dumas.ccsd.cnrs.fr/dumas-05058228v1},
  langid = {french}
}

@book{audureau2021dans,
  author = {Audureau, William},
  title = {{Dans la tête des complotistes}},
  year = {2021},
  publisher = {Allary Éditions},
  url = {https://allary-editions.fr/products/william-audureau-dans-la-tete-des-complotistes},
  langid = {french}
}

@misc{audureau2022an,
  author = {Audureau, William},
  title = {{Un an après l’attaque du Capitole, la communauté QAnon morcelée, mais toujours influente}},
  year = {2022},
  howpublished = {Le Monde},
  url = {https://www.lemonde.fr/les-decodeurs/article/2022/01/07/un-an-apres-l-attaque-du-capitole-la-communaute-qanon-balkanisee-mais-toujours-influente_6108607_4355770.html},
  date = {2022-01-07},
  langid = {french}
}

@book{austin2023qanon,
  title = {{QAnon, Chaos, and the Cross: Christianity and Conspiracy Theories}},
  year = {2023},
  publisher = {Eerdmans},
  url = {https://www.eerdmans.com/9780802882653/qanon-chaos-and-the-cross/},
  editor = {Austin, Michael W. and Bock, Gregory L.},
  langid = {english}
}

@misc{authier2022qui,
  author = {Authier, Philéas},
  title = {{Qui se trouve derrière QAnon? La stylométrie a peut-être la réponse}},
  year = {2022},
  howpublished = {RTS Info},
  url = {https://www.rts.ch/info/monde/12886758-qui-se-trouve-derriere-qanon-la-stylometrie-a-peutetre-la-reponse.html},
  date = {2022-02-22},
  langid = {french}
}

@article{baca2024qanon,
  author = {Baća, Bojan},
  title = {{QAnon and the Epistemic Communities of the Unreal: A Conceptual Toolkit for a Sociology of Grassroots Conspiracism}},
  year = {2024},
  journal = {Theory, Culture \& Society},
  volume = {41},
  pages = {111--132},
  doi = {10.1177/02632764241258404},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1177/02632764241258404},
  number = {4},
  langid = {english}
}

@book{badham2022qanon,
  author = {Badham, Van},
  title = {{QAnon and On: A Short and Shocking History of Internet Conspiracy Cults}},
  year = {2022},
  publisher = {Hardie Grant Publishing},
  url = {https://openlibrary.org/works/OL26762903W},
  langid = {english}
}

@incollection{baker2024future,
  author = {Baker, Stephanie Alice and McLaughlin, Eugene and Rojek, Chris},
  title = {{The Future of Cults}},
  year = {2024},
  booktitle = {Cults},
  pages = {141--149},
  publisher = {Routledge},
  doi = {10.4324/9781003335115-9},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003335115-9},
  langid = {english}
}

@inproceedings{bar2023finding,
  author = {Bär, Dominik and Pröllochs, Nicolas and Feuerriegel, Stefan},
  title = {{Finding Qs: Profiling QAnon Supporters on Parler}},
  year = {2023},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media},
  volume = {17},
  pages = {34--46},
  doi = {10.1609/icwsm.v17i1.22124},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1609/icwsm.v17i1.22124},
  langid = {english}
}

@phdthesis{barbesino2024white,
  author = {Barbesino, Nicola},
  title = {{'White, God, and Country': Exploring the eschatological origins of QAnon in American history and its violent extremist nature.}},
  year = {2024},
  school = {Univerzita Karlova, Fakulta sociálních věd},
  publisher = {Univerzita Karlova, Fakulta sociálních věd},
  url = {http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11956/197714},
  langid = {english}
}

@book{barkun2013culture,
  author = {Barkun, Michael},
  title = {{A Culture of Conspiracy: Apocalyptic Visions in Contemporary America}},
  year = {2013},
  publisher = {University of California Press},
  doi = {10.1525/9780520956520},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1525/9780520956520},
  langid = {english}
}

@incollection{barkun2024qanon,
  author = {Barkun, Michael},
  title = {{QAnon, Conspiracies, and Religion}},
  year = {2024},
  booktitle = {Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Religion},
  publisher = {Oxford University Press},
  doi = {10.1093/acrefore/9780199340378.013.1239},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780199340378.013.1239},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{bass1969new,
  author = {Bass, Frank M.},
  title = {{A New Product Growth for Model Consumer Durables}},
  year = {1969},
  journal = {Management Science},
  volume = {15},
  pages = {215--227},
  doi = {10.1287/mnsc.15.5.215},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.15.5.215},
  number = {5},
  langid = {english}
}

@misc{baumgartner2020pushshift,
  author = {Baumgartner, Jason and Zannettou, Savvas and Keegan, Brian and Squire, Megan and Blackburn, Jeremy},
  title = {{The Pushshift Reddit Dataset}},
  year = {2020},
  howpublished = {Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media},
  volume = {14},
  pages = {830--839},
  doi = {10.1609/icwsm.v14i1.7347},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1609/icwsm.v14i1.7347},
  langid = {english}
}

@misc{bbc2020what,
  author = {BBC Reality Check},
  title = {{What is QAnon?}},
  year = {2020},
  howpublished = {BBC News},
  url = {https://www.bbc.com/news/53498434},
  date = {2020-07-22},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{beauchamp2022evangelical,
  author = {Beauchamp, Jeremy D.},
  title = {{Evangelical Identity and QAnon: Why Christians are Finding New Mission Fields in Political Conspiracy}},
  year = {2022},
  journal = {Journal of Religion and Violence},
  volume = {10},
  pages = {17--36},
  doi = {10.5840/jrv202271595},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.5840/jrv202271595},
  number = {1},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{becktel2025believing,
  author = {Becktel, Kalyca Lynn and Sweetser, Kaye D.},
  title = {{Believing in belonging: Rethinking organization–public relationships through the QAnon movement}},
  year = {2025},
  journal = {Public Relations Review},
  volume = {51},
  pages = {102621},
  doi = {10.1016/j.pubrev.2025.102621},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pubrev.2025.102621},
  number = {5},
  langid = {english}
}

@misc{beigang2022qanon,
  author = {Beigang, Maxi},
  title = {{QAnon in Deutschland: Jeder Zehnte glaubt an die Verschwörungsideologie}},
  year = {2022},
  howpublished = {Berliner Zeitung},
  url = {https://www.berliner-zeitung.de/article/220171},
  date = {2022-04-01},
  langid = {german}
}

@incollection{benasher2024sexual,
  author = {Ben-Asher, Noa},
  title = {{Sexual Innocence in Crisis-Justice Movements: A Political Theology}},
  year = {2024},
  booktitle = {Enticements: Queer Legal Studies},
  pages = {320--342},
  publisher = {New York University Press},
  doi = {10.18574/nyu/9781479807635.003.0016},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.18574/nyu/9781479807635.003.0016},
  editor = {Fischel, Joseph J. and Cossman, Brenda},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{benedetto2002language,
  author = {Benedetto, Dario and Caglioti, Emanuele and Loreto, Vittorio},
  title = {{Language Trees and Zipping}},
  year = {2002},
  journal = {Physical Review Letters},
  volume = {88},
  pages = {048702},
  doi = {10.1103/PhysRevLett.88.048702},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.88.048702},
  number = {4},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{benjamini1995controlling,
  author = {Benjamini, Yoav and Hochberg, Yosef},
  title = {{Controlling the False Discovery Rate: A Practical and Powerful Approach to Multiple Testing}},
  year = {1995},
  journal = {Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series B (Methodological)},
  volume = {57},
  pages = {289--300},
  doi = {10.1111/j.2517-6161.1995.tb02031.x},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2517-6161.1995.tb02031.x},
  number = {1},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{beyer2023revelations,
  author = {Beyer, Heiko and Herrberg, Niklas},
  title = {{The revelations of Q. Dissemination and resonance of the QAnon conspiracy theory among US Evangelical Christians and the role of the Covid-19 crisis}},
  year = {2023},
  journal = {Zeitschrift für Religion, Gesellschaft und Politik},
  volume = {7},
  pages = {669--687},
  doi = {10.1007/s41682-023-00147-2},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s41682-023-00147-2},
  number = {2},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{bimo2026repetition,
  author = {Bimo, Sara},
  title = {{Repetition, Rumination, and Determinism: Exploring the Temporal Logic of QAnon}},
  year = {2026},
  journal = {International Journal of Communication},
  volume = {20},
  pages = {1908--1931},
  doi = {10.65476/bd6fgw84},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.65476/bd6fgw84},
  langid = {english}
}

@techreport{blazina2020facts,
  author = {Blazina, Carrie},
  title = {{5 facts about the QAnon conspiracy theories}},
  year = {2020},
  institution = {Pew Research Center},
  publisher = {Pew Research Center},
  url = {https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2020/11/16/5-facts-about-the-qanon-conspiracy-theories/},
  date = {2020-11-16},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{bleakley2023panic,
  author = {Bleakley, Paul},
  title = {{Panic, pizza and mainstreaming the alt-right: A social media analysis of Pizzagate and the rise of the QAnon conspiracy}},
  year = {2023},
  journal = {Current Sociology},
  volume = {71},
  pages = {509--525},
  doi = {10.1177/00113921211034896},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1177/00113921211034896},
  number = {3},
  langid = {english}
}

@book{bloom2021pastels,
  author = {Bloom, Mia and Moskalenko, Sophia},
  title = {{Pastels and Pedophiles: Inside the Mind of QAnon}},
  year = {2021},
  publisher = {Stanford University Press},
  doi = {10.1515/9781503630611},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1515/9781503630611},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{bloom2022qanon,
  author = {Bloom, Mia and Moskalenko, Sophia},
  title = {{QAnon, Women, and the American Culture Wars}},
  year = {2022},
  journal = {Social Research: An International Quarterly},
  volume = {89},
  pages = {525--550},
  doi = {10.1353/sor.2022.0037},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1353/sor.2022.0037},
  number = {3},
  langid = {english}
}

@incollection{bodner2025qanon,
  author = {Bodner, John},
  title = {{QAnon in Four Pieces: Toward a Folkloric Understanding of a Superconspiracy}},
  year = {2025},
  booktitle = {Whispers in the Echo Chamber: Folklore and the Role of Conspiracy Theory in Contemporary Society},
  pages = {90--118},
  publisher = {University of Wisconsin Press},
  doi = {10.2307/jj.23440248.9},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.2307/jj.23440248.9},
  editor = {Fivecoate, Jesse A. and Kitta, Andrea},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{bose2024new,
  author = {Bose, Feler},
  title = {{Does the New World Order Worship Satan?}},
  year = {2024},
  journal = {Journal for the Study of Radicalism},
  volume = {18},
  pages = {149--180},
  doi = {10.14321/jstudradi.18.1.0149},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.14321/jstudradi.18.1.0149},
  number = {1},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{bozalka2026ethnographie,
  author = {Bozalka, Dusan},
  title = {{Une ethnographie en ligne computationnelle des influenceurs complotistes : Identifier les pratiques des Anons européens}},
  year = {2026},
  journal = {Questions de communication},
  volume = {49},
  pages = {357--384},
  publisher = {OpenEdition},
  doi = {10.4000/16eby},
  langid = {french}
}

@article{bracewell2021gender,
  author = {Bracewell, Lorna},
  title = {{Gender, Populism, and the QAnon Conspiracy Movement}},
  year = {2021},
  journal = {Frontiers in Sociology},
  volume = {5},
  doi = {10.3389/fsoc.2020.615727},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.3389/fsoc.2020.615727},
  langid = {english}
}

@incollection{bromley2023qanon,
  author = {Bromley, David G. and Richardson, James T.},
  title = {{The QAnon Conspiracy Narrative: Understanding the Social Construction of Danger}},
  year = {2023},
  booktitle = {The Social Science of QAnon},
  pages = {159--175},
  publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
  doi = {10.1017/9781009052061.014},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009052061.014},
  editor = {Miller, Monica K.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{burdick2025eventually,
  author = {Burdick, Jake},
  title = {{Eventually we’ll take the stars: The QAnon Shaman, coloniality, and the conspiritual desire of the other}},
  year = {2025},
  journal = {Review of Education, Pedagogy, and Cultural Studies},
  volume = {47},
  pages = {759--769},
  doi = {10.1080/10714413.2025.2577571},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/10714413.2025.2577571},
  number = {5},
  langid = {english}
}

@incollection{burnett2025do,
  author = {Burnett, Gary and Williams, Shannon},
  title = {{“Do Your Own Research”: Everyday Misinformation and Conspiracy in Online Information Worlds}},
  year = {2025},
  booktitle = {Governing Misinformation in Everyday Knowledge Commons},
  pages = {188--213},
  publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
  doi = {10.1017/9781009255165.009},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009255165.009},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{burrows2002delta,
  author = {Burrows, J.},
  title = {{'Delta': a Measure of Stylistic Difference and a Guide to Likely Authorship}},
  year = {2002},
  journal = {Literary and Linguistic Computing},
  volume = {17},
  pages = {267--287},
  doi = {10.1093/llc/17.3.267},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1093/llc/17.3.267},
  number = {3},
  langid = {english}
}

@book{butter2020routledge,
  title = {{Routledge Handbook of Conspiracy Theories}},
  year = {2020},
  publisher = {Routledge},
  doi = {10.4324/9780429452734},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429452734},
  editor = {Butter, Michael and Knight, Peter},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{cacopardi2023qanon,
  author = {Cacopardi, Irène},
  title = {{QAnon, une guerre culturelle entre canulars et nouveaux mythes}},
  year = {2023},
  journal = {Cahiers d’histoire. Revue d’histoire critique},
  volume = {156},
  pages = {113--128},
  doi = {10.4000/chrhc.21294},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.4000/chrhc.21294},
  langid = {french}
}

@article{cafiero2023who,
  author = {Cafiero, Florian and Camps, Jean-Baptiste},
  title = {{Who could be behind QAnon? Authorship attribution with supervised machine-learning}},
  year = {2023},
  journal = {Digital Scholarship in the Humanities},
  volume = {38},
  pages = {1418--1430},
  doi = {10.1093/llc/fqad061},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1093/llc/fqad061},
  number = {4},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{campisi2026hashtag,
  author = {Campisi, Francesco C. and Fortin, Francis},
  title = {{QAnon's hashtag hijacking strategies and engagement dynamics across discursive themes on Twitter: Negative Binomial models of online visibility}},
  year = {2026},
  journal = {Technology in Society},
  volume = {86},
  pages = {103296},
  doi = {10.1016/j.techsoc.2026.103296},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techsoc.2026.103296},
  langid = {english}
}

@phdthesis{cantwell2022infonation,
  author = {Cantwell, Ori Dranitzke},
  title = {{Infonation, or How Americans Imagine(d) the QAnon Movement}},
  year = {2022},
  school = {Wesleyan University},
  publisher = {Wesleyan University},
  doi = {10.14418/wes01.1.2525},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.14418/wes01.1.2525},
  langid = {english}
}

@techreport{carmichael2024domestic,
  author = {Carmichael, Camden and Buxton, Brooke and Hughes, Seamus and Braun, Clara},
  title = {{Domestic Terrorism: How the US Legal System is Falling Short}},
  year = {2024},
  institution = {International Centre for Counter Terrorism},
  publisher = {International Centre for Counter Terrorism},
  doi = {10.19165/2024.3813},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.19165/2024.3813},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{celestini2023reviving,
  author = {Celestini, Carmen and Amarasingam, Amarnath},
  title = {{Reviving the violet flame: The new age conspiratorial journey of Canada’s Queen Romana Didulo}},
  year = {2023},
  journal = {Studies in Religion/Sciences Religieuses},
  volume = {53},
  pages = {366--389},
  publisher = {SAGE Publications},
  doi = {10.1177/00084298231209700},
  number = {3},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{cera2023digital,
  author = {Cera, Michelle},
  title = {{Digital ethnography: ethics through the case of QAnon}},
  year = {2023},
  journal = {Frontiers in Sociology},
  volume = {8},
  doi = {10.3389/fsoc.2023.1119531},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.3389/fsoc.2023.1119531},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{clauset2009powerlaw,
  author = {Clauset, Aaron and Shalizi, Cosma Rohilla and Newman, M. E. J.},
  title = {{Power-Law Distributions in Empirical Data}},
  year = {2009},
  journal = {SIAM Review},
  volume = {51},
  pages = {661--703},
  doi = {10.1137/070710111},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1137/070710111},
  number = {4},
  langid = {english}
}

@misc{codebreaker2021donald,
  author = {CodeBreaker619},
  title = {{Donald Trump Tweets Dataset}},
  year = {2021},
  howpublished = {Kaggle},
  url = {https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/codebreaker619/donald-trump-tweets-dataset},
  langid = {english}
}

@incollection{coduto2024interpersonal,
  author = {Coduto, Kathryn D.},
  title = {{Interpersonal Relationships and Online Social Support in the QAnon Age}},
  year = {2024},
  booktitle = {American Conspiracism},
  pages = {101--116},
  publisher = {Routledge},
  doi = {10.4324/9781003459255-8},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003459255-8},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{coduto2025imagined,
  author = {Coduto, Kathryn D. and Frampton, Jessica R.},
  title = {{Imagined Interactions and Intrapsychic Relational Dissolution Processes among QAnon Nonbelievers}},
  year = {2025},
  journal = {Imagination, Cognition and Personality},
  volume = {45},
  pages = {402--423},
  doi = {10.1177/02762366251369890},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1177/02762366251369890},
  number = {4},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{cohen2022qanon,
  author = {Cohen, Shuki J.},
  title = {{QAnon as an Online-Facilitated Cult: Integrating Models of Belief, Practice, and Identity}},
  year = {2022},
  journal = {Journal of Religion and Violence},
  volume = {10},
  pages = {37--71},
  doi = {10.5840/jrv202272197},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.5840/jrv202272197},
  number = {1},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{cohen2026patterned,
  author = {Cohen, Noah D. and Antonaros, Peter and Weinberg, Dana B. and Levy, Meyer and Kopstein, Jeffrey S.},
  title = {{Patterned Radicalization: User Behavior Analysis and Antisemitic Language in QAnon Subreddits}},
  year = {2026},
  journal = {Information},
  volume = {17},
  pages = {179},
  doi = {10.3390/info17020179},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.3390/info17020179},
  number = {2},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{conner2023qanon,
  author = {Conner, Christopher T.},
  title = {{QAnon, authoritarianism, and conspiracy within American alternative spiritual spaces}},
  year = {2023},
  journal = {Frontiers in Sociology},
  volume = {8},
  doi = {10.3389/fsoc.2023.1136333},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.3389/fsoc.2023.1136333},
  langid = {english}
}

@book{conner2024conspiracy,
  title = {{Conspiracy Theories and Extremism in New Times}},
  year = {2024},
  publisher = {Lexington Books},
  doi = {10.5771/9781666933093},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.5771/9781666933093},
  editor = {Conner, Christopher T. and Hannah, Matthew N. and MacMurray, Nicholas J.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{conner2025expressions,
  author = {Conner, Christopher T. and Hannah, Matthew N.},
  title = {{Expressions of Belief in the QAnon Conspiracy Movement}},
  year = {2025},
  journal = {Deviant Behavior},
  pages = {1--19},
  doi = {10.1080/01639625.2025.2556939},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/01639625.2025.2556939},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{conner2026conspirituality,
  author = {Conner, Christopher T.},
  title = {{Conspirituality in Sport: How QAnon, White Supremacist Ideology, and Other Nonscientific-Based Ideas Came to Infiltrate the Sports World}},
  year = {2026},
  journal = {Sociology of Sport Journal},
  volume = {43},
  pages = {91--102},
  doi = {10.1123/ssj.2024-0216},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1123/ssj.2024-0216},
  number = {1},
  langid = {english}
}

@book{conner2026qanon,
  author = {Conner, Christopher T. and Roscigno, Saverio and Hannah, Matthew N.},
  title = {{QAnon, Capitalism, and the Crisis of Meaning}},
  year = {2026},
  publisher = {Bloomsbury Publishing},
  doi = {10.5040/9798881893408},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.5040/9798881893408},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{conoscenti2024ockham,
  author = {Conoscenti, Michelangelo},
  title = {{Ockham's Razor Overturned: QAnon Null Interaction on Telegram. A Comparative Study.}},
  year = {2024},
  journal = {Textus},
  volume = {XXXVII},
  pages = {35--60},
  url = {https://hdl.handle.net/2318/1973691},
  number = {1},
  langid = {english}
}

@misc{conspiracywatch2021qanon,
  author = {Conspiracy Watch},
  title = {{QAnon dans le collimateur d'une mission sur les dérives sectaires}},
  year = {2021},
  howpublished = {Conspiracy Watch},
  url = {https://www.conspiracywatch.info/qanon-dans-le-collimateur-dune-mission-sur-les-derives-sectaires.html},
  date = {2021-01-16},
  langid = {french}
}

@misc{conspiracywatchsojli,
  author = {Conspiracy Watch},
  title = {{Léonard Sojli}},
  howpublished = {Conspiracy Watch – L'Observatoire du conspirationnisme},
  url = {https://www.conspiracywatch.info/notice/leonard-sojli},
  langid = {french}
}

@article{conway2024repressive,
  author = {Conway, Philip R.},
  title = {{Repressive suspicion, or: the problem with conspiracy theories}},
  year = {2024},
  journal = {Cultural Studies},
  volume = {39},
  pages = {514--545},
  doi = {10.1080/09502386.2024.2364260},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/09502386.2024.2364260},
  number = {4},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{corman2024pageantry,
  author = {Corman, Lauren},
  title = {{“Pageantry of aggression”: QAnon, animality, and the violent pursuit of whiteness}},
  year = {2024},
  journal = {Frontiers in Communication},
  volume = {9},
  pages = {1461250},
  doi = {10.3389/fcomm.2024.1461250},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.3389/fcomm.2024.1461250},
  langid = {english}
}

@misc{coromines2023mariage,
  author = {Coromines, Laure},
  title = {{Le mariage entre New Age et QAnon va (toujours) bien, merci pour lui}},
  year = {2023},
  howpublished = {L'ADN},
  url = {https://www.ladn.eu/nouveaux-usages/le-mariage-entre-new-age-et-qanon-va-toujours-bien-merci-pour-lui/},
  date = {2023-11-24},
  langid = {french}
}

@article{cover2022spectre,
  author = {Cover, Rob and Thompson, Jay Daniel and Haw, Ashleigh},
  title = {{The Spectre of Populist Leadership: QAnon, Emergent Formations, and Digital Community}},
  year = {2022},
  journal = {Media and Communication},
  volume = {10},
  pages = {118--128},
  doi = {10.17645/mac.v10i4.5586},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.17645/mac.v10i4.5586},
  number = {4},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{covington2010mattr,
  author = {Covington, Michael A. and McFall, Joe D.},
  title = {{Cutting the Gordian Knot: The Moving-Average Type–Token Ratio (MATTR)}},
  year = {2010},
  journal = {Journal of Quantitative Linguistics},
  volume = {17},
  pages = {94--100},
  doi = {10.1080/09296171003643098},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/09296171003643098},
  number = {2},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{crane2008robust,
  author = {Crane, Riley and Sornette, Didier},
  title = {{Robust dynamic classes revealed by measuring the response function of a social system}},
  year = {2008},
  journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},
  volume = {105},
  pages = {15649--15653},
  doi = {10.1073/pnas.0803685105},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0803685105},
  number = {41},
  langid = {english}
}

@incollection{dastgeer2022qanon,
  author = {Dastgeer, Shugofa and Thapaliya, Rashmi},
  title = {{QAnon: The Networks of Misinformation and Conspiracy Theories on Social Media}},
  year = {2022},
  booktitle = {The Emerald Handbook of Computer-Mediated Communication and Social Media},
  pages = {251--268},
  publisher = {Emerald Publishing Limited},
  doi = {10.1108/978-1-80071-597-420221015},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1108/978-1-80071-597-420221015},
  editor = {Lipschultz, Jeremy Harris and Freberg, Karen and Luttrell, Regina},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{demelius2024yamatoq,
  author = {Demelius, Yoko and Szczepanska, Kamila},
  title = {{Conspiracy theories and the COVID-19 pandemic in Japan: the rise, radicalization, and fall (?) of YamatoQ-kai}},
  year = {2024},
  journal = {Social Science Japan Journal},
  volume = {27},
  pages = {149--168},
  doi = {10.1093/ssjj/jyae003},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1093/ssjj/jyae003},
  number = {2},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{demuru2025qanons,
  author = {Demuru, Paolo},
  title = {{QAnons, antivacinas e influenciadores de bem-estar: uma perspectiva semiótico-discursiva sobre os vínculos entre teorias da conspiração, espiritualidade e wellness}},
  year = {2025},
  journal = {Ephemera: Revista do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Artes Cênicas da Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto},
  volume = {8},
  doi = {10.70446/ephemera.v8i15.8034},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.70446/ephemera.v8i15.8034},
  number = {15},
  langid = {portuguese}
}

@article{dezeeuw2020tracing,
  author = {de Zeeuw, Daniël and Hagen, Sal and Peeters, Stijn and Jokubauskaitė, Emilija},
  title = {{Tracing normiefication}},
  year = {2020},
  journal = {First Monday},
  volume = {25},
  doi = {10.5210/fm.v25i11.10643},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.5210/fm.v25i11.10643},
  number = {11},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{dezeeuw2023godtier,
  author = {de Zeeuw, Daniël and Gekker, Alex},
  title = {{A God-Tier LARP? QAnon as Conspiracy Fictioning}},
  year = {2023},
  journal = {Social Media + Society},
  volume = {9},
  doi = {10.1177/20563051231157300},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1177/20563051231157300},
  number = {1},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{doan2026beyond,
  author = {Doan, Bich Ngoc and De Francisci Morales, Gianmarco and Russo, Giuseppe},
  title = {{Beyond the Rabbit Hole: Mapping the Relational Harms of QAnon Radicalization}},
  year = {2026},
  journal = {arXiv preprint arXiv:2601.17658 (accepted to EMNLP 2026)},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2601.17658},
  date = {2026-01-25},
  langid = {english}
}

@book{donovan2022meme,
  author = {Donovan, Joan and Dreyfuss, Emily and Friedberg, Brian},
  title = {{Meme Wars: The Untold Story of the Online Battles Upending Democracy in America}},
  year = {2022},
  publisher = {Bloomsbury Publishing},
  url = {https://openlibrary.org/works/OL34172011W},
  langid = {english}
}

@misc{dover2023qanon,
  author = {Dover, Robert},
  title = {{QAnon is spreading outside the US – a conspiracy theory expert explains what that could mean}},
  year = {2023},
  howpublished = {The Conversation},
  publisher = {The Conversation Media Group Ltd},
  doi = {10.64628/ab.hrfh3y77u},
  date = {2023-02-06},
  langid = {english}
}

@incollection{ebner2026case,
  author = {Ebner, Julia},
  title = {{15. Case Study: QAnon Groups}},
  year = {2026},
  booktitle = {The Language of Terrorists: Distinguishing Trolls from Violent Extremists},
  pages = {115--130},
  publisher = {Columbia University Press},
  doi = {10.7312/ebne21440-019},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.7312/ebne21440-019},
  langid = {english}
}

@misc{eder2021transatlantic,
  author = {Eder, Teresa and Firsova, Elizaveta},
  title = {{Transatlantic Convergence or Divergence? QAnon after January Twentieth}},
  year = {2021},
  howpublished = {Wilson Center},
  url = {https://infosphereinvaders.wilsoncenter.org/article/transatlantic-convergence-or-divergence-qanon-after-january-twentieth},
  date = {2021-02-12},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{efron1979bootstrap,
  author = {Efron, B.},
  title = {{Bootstrap Methods: Another Look at the Jackknife}},
  year = {1979},
  journal = {The Annals of Statistics},
  volume = {7},
  pages = {1--26},
  doi = {10.1214/aos/1176344552},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1214/aos/1176344552},
  number = {1},
  langid = {english}
}

@incollection{ellis2025what,
  author = {Ellis, Bill},
  title = {{What History Tells Us about QAnon}},
  year = {2025},
  booktitle = {Whispers in the Echo Chamber: Folklore and the Role of Conspiracy Theory in Contemporary Society},
  pages = {23--49},
  publisher = {University of Wisconsin Press},
  doi = {10.2307/jj.23440248.6},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.2307/jj.23440248.6},
  editor = {Fivecoate, Jesse A. and Kitta, Andrea},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{enders2022who,
  author = {Enders, Adam M. and Uscinski, Joseph E. and Klofstad, Casey A. and Wuchty, Stefan and Seelig, Michelle I. and Funchion, John R. and Murthi, Manohar N. and Premaratne, Kamal and Stoler, Justin},
  title = {{Who Supports QAnon? A Case Study in Political Extremism}},
  year = {2022},
  journal = {The Journal of Politics},
  volume = {84},
  pages = {1844--1849},
  doi = {10.1086/717850},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1086/717850},
  number = {3},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{enders2023how,
  author = {Enders, Adam and Klofstad, Casey and Stoler, Justin and Uscinski, Joseph E.},
  title = {{How Anti-Social Personality Traits and Anti-Establishment Views Promote Beliefs in Election Fraud, QAnon, and COVID-19 Conspiracy Theories and Misinformation}},
  year = {2023},
  journal = {American Politics Research},
  volume = {51},
  pages = {247--259},
  doi = {10.1177/1532673x221139434},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1177/1532673x221139434},
  number = {2},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{engel2022characterizing,
  author = {Engel, Kristen and Hua, Yiqing and Zeng, Taixiang and Naaman, Mor},
  title = {{Characterizing Reddit Participation of Users Who Engage in the QAnon Conspiracy Theories}},
  year = {2022},
  journal = {Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction},
  volume = {6},
  pages = {1--22},
  doi = {10.1145/3512900},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3512900},
  number = {CSCW1},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{exline2026christian,
  author = {Exline, Julie J. and Pait, Kathleen C. and Keller, Yehudis and Wilt, Joshua A.},
  title = {{Christian nationalism, fundamentalism, traditional masculinity beliefs, and authoritarian aggression: Do these “authority and order” variables predict QAnon belief?}},
  year = {2026},
  journal = {Psychology of Religion and Spirituality},
  doi = {10.1037/rel0000624},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1037/rel0000624},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{exline2026cosmic,
  author = {Exline, Julie J. and Wilt, Joshua A. and Schutt, William A. and Moffitt, Andrew C. and Pargament, Kenneth I.},
  title = {{The cosmic battle: Belief in a warrior god, a powerful devil, and a serious threat of hell relates to QAnon beliefs, generic conspiracist beliefs, and seeing political opponents as evil}},
  year = {2026},
  journal = {Psychology of Religion and Spirituality},
  doi = {10.1037/rel0000611},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1037/rel0000611},
  langid = {english}
}

@misc{fair2019shouting,
  author = {Fair, Gabriel and Wesslen, Ryan},
  title = {{Shouting into the Void: A Database of the Alternative Social Media Platform Gab}},
  year = {2019},
  howpublished = {Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media},
  volume = {13},
  pages = {608--610},
  doi = {10.1609/icwsm.v13i01.3258},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1609/icwsm.v13i01.3258},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{farahmand2023pastel,
  author = {Farahmand, Manéli and Piraud, Mischa and Rouiller, Sybille},
  title = {{« QAnon pastel » ou la surprenante convergence entre conspirationnisme politique et spiritualités New Age : Cyber-ethnographie d’activistes francophones}},
  year = {2023},
  journal = {Anthropologica},
  volume = {65},
  doi = {10.18357/anthropologica65120232601},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.18357/anthropologica65120232601},
  number = {1},
  langid = {french}
}

@misc{fbi2019antigovernment,
  author = {Federal Bureau of Investigation, Phoenix Field Office},
  title = {{Anti-Government, Identity Based, and Fringe Political Conspiracy Theories Very Likely Motivate Some Domestic Extremists to Commit Criminal, Sometimes Violent Activity}},
  year = {2019},
  howpublished = {FBI Intelligence Bulletin},
  url = {https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Anti-Government,_Identity_Based,_and_Fringe_Political_Conspiracy_Theories_Very_Likely_Motivate_Some_Domestic_Extremists_to_Commit_Criminal,_Sometimes_Violent_Activity},
  date = {2019-05-30},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{fehr2021verschworungsmythen,
  author = {Fehr, Charlotte},
  title = {{Verschwörungsmythen am Beispiel von QAnon und Neue Weltordnung – Eine rekonstruktive Metaphernanalyse}},
  year = {2021},
  journal = {Soziologiemagazin},
  volume = {14},
  pages = {27--43},
  publisher = {Verlag Barbara Budrich},
  doi = {10.3224/soz.v14i1.03},
  number = {1-2021},
  langid = {german}
}

@book{festinger1956when,
  author = {Festinger, Leon and Riecken, Henry W. and Schachter, Stanley},
  title = {{When Prophecy Fails: A Social and Psychological Study of a Modern Group That Predicted the Destruction of the World}},
  year = {1956},
  publisher = {University of Minnesota Press},
  url = {https://openlibrary.org/works/OL4788695W},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{fiebig2026german,
  author = {Fiebig, Verena},
  title = {{German Sovereign Citizens in the Fight Against the “Deep State”: The Adoption of QAnon Narratives in Germany}},
  year = {2026},
  journal = {Studies in Conflict \& Terrorism},
  pages = {1--17},
  doi = {10.1080/1057610x.2026.2617677},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/1057610x.2026.2617677},
  langid = {english}
}

@incollection{finlayson2024save,
  author = {Finlayson, Alan and Topinka, Robert},
  title = {{‘We Have to Save the Children’}},
  year = {2024},
  booktitle = {Ethos, Technology, and AI in Contemporary Society},
  pages = {205--228},
  publisher = {Routledge},
  doi = {10.4324/9781032688503-11},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.4324/9781032688503-11},
  langid = {english}
}

@book{fisher2026qanon,
  author = {Fisher, Matthew Zaro},
  title = {{QAnon: Communication Complexity and New Religious Movements}},
  year = {2026},
  publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
  doi = {10.1017/9781009705158},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009705158},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{fitzgerald2022conspiracy,
  author = {Fitzgerald, James},
  title = {{Conspiracy, anxiety, ontology: Theorising QAnon}},
  year = {2022},
  journal = {First Monday},
  volume = {27},
  doi = {10.5210/fm.v27i5.12618},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.5210/fm.v27i5.12618},
  number = {5},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{flesch1948readability,
  author = {Flesch, Rudolph},
  title = {{A new readability yardstick}},
  year = {1948},
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  doi = {10.1037/h0057532},
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  number = {3},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{foertsch2023asymmetric,
  author = {Foertsch, Steven and Chakraborty, Rudra and Joosse, Paul},
  title = {{Asymmetric conflation: QAnon and the political cooptation of religion}},
  year = {2023},
  journal = {Politics and Religion},
  pages = {1--23},
  doi = {10.1017/s1755048323000275},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1017/s1755048323000275},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{forberg2023nocult,
  author = {Forberg, Peter L.},
  title = {{“No Cult Tells You to Think for Yourself”: Discursive Ideology and the Limits of Rationality in Conspiracy Theory QAnon}},
  year = {2023},
  journal = {American Behavioral Scientist},
  volume = {67},
  pages = {649--664},
  doi = {10.1177/00027642221091199},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1177/00027642221091199},
  number = {5},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{fountain2025presencing,
  author = {Fountain, T. Kenny and Jennings, Chandler},
  title = {{Presencing, Immersion, and Community: How Conspiracy Theory Belief Is Kindled Online}},
  year = {2025},
  journal = {Nova Religio},
  volume = {28},
  pages = {79--103},
  doi = {10.1353/nvr.2025.a949121},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1353/nvr.2025.a949121},
  number = {3},
  langid = {english}
}

@techreport{gallagher2020genesis,
  author = {Gallagher, Aoife and Davey, Jacob and Hart, Mackenzie},
  title = {{The Genesis of a Conspiracy Theory}},
  year = {2020},
  institution = {Institute for Strategic Dialogue},
  publisher = {Institute for Strategic Dialogue},
  url = {https://www.isdglobal.org/publication/the-genesis-of-a-conspiracy-theory/},
  date = {2020-07-24},
  langid = {english}
}

@techreport{gallagher2022she,
  author = {Gallagher, Aoife and Argentino, Marc-André and Raja, Adnan},
  title = {{She Drops: How QAnon Conspiracy Theories Legitimize Coordinated and Targeted Gender Based Violence}},
  year = {2022},
  institution = {Institute for Strategic Dialogue},
  publisher = {Institute for Strategic Dialogue},
  url = {https://www.isdglobal.org/publication/she-drops-how-qanon-conspiracy-theories-legitimize-coordinated-and-targeted-gender-based-violence/},
  date = {2022-10-10},
  langid = {english}
}

@incollection{gambone2022qanon,
  author = {Gambone, Michael D.},
  title = {{QAnon: Enemies inside the Gates}},
  year = {2022},
  booktitle = {Modern Conspiracies in America: Separating Fact from Fiction},
  pages = {139--152},
  publisher = {Rowman \& Littlefield Publishers},
  doi = {10.5771/9781538164648-139},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.5771/9781538164648-139},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{garry2021qanon,
  author = {Garry, Amanda and Walther, Samantha and Mohamed, Rukaya and Mohammed, Ayan},
  title = {{QAnon Conspiracy Theory: Examining its Evolution and Mechanisms of Radicalization}},
  year = {2021},
  journal = {Journal for Deradicalization},
  pages = {152--216},
  url = {https://jd.journals.publicknowledgeproject.org/index.php/jd/article/view/437},
  number = {26},
  langid = {english}
}

@phdthesis{gatenheim2024national,
  author = {Gatenheim, Cecilia},
  title = {{National Heroes, Digital Soldiers, Vulnerable Children and all the Others: A Critical Discourse Analysis of Videos Communicating the QAnon Conspiracy Theory}},
  year = {2024},
  school = {University of Gothenburg},
  publisher = {University of Gothenburg},
  url = {https://hdl.handle.net/2077/80059},
  langid = {english}
}

@misc{gdeltproject,
  author = {The GDELT Project},
  title = {{GDELT Event Database}},
  url = {https://www.gdeltproject.org/},
  langid = {english}
}

@misc{gilbert2021qanon,
  author = {Gilbert, David},
  title = {{QAnon Is So Big in France That Even the Government Is Worried}},
  year = {2021},
  howpublished = {Vice},
  url = {https://www.vice.com/en/article/k7a9gx/qanon-is-so-big-in-france-that-even-the-government-is-worried},
  date = {2021-02-22},
  langid = {english}
}

@incollection{giroux2024fascism,
  author = {Giroux, Henry A. and DiMaggio, Anthony R.},
  title = {{Fascism, White Christian Nationalism, and QAnon Rising}},
  year = {2024},
  booktitle = {Fascism on Trial: Education and the Possibility of Democracy},
  pages = {117--126},
  publisher = {Bloomsbury Publishing},
  doi = {10.5040/9781350421721.ch-8},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.5040/9781350421721.ch-8},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{goh2008burstiness,
  author = {Goh, K.-I. and Barabási, A.-L.},
  title = {{Burstiness and memory in complex systems}},
  year = {2008},
  journal = {EPL (Europhysics Letters)},
  volume = {81},
  pages = {48002},
  doi = {10.1209/0295-5075/81/48002},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1209/0295-5075/81/48002},
  number = {4},
  langid = {english}
}

@incollection{gomez2022desinformacao,
  author = {Gómez, Michelle Pacheco and Lubisco, Nídia Maria Lienert},
  title = {{DESINFORMAÇÃO NA INTERNET: FAKE NEWS DO QANON COMO REGIME DE INFORMAÇÃO}},
  year = {2022},
  booktitle = {Ciências sociais aplicadas: Estado, organizações e desenvolvimento regional 3},
  pages = {103--113},
  publisher = {Atena Editora},
  doi = {10.22533/at.ed.6592212129},
  langid = {portuguese}
}

@article{gomez2024frohmann,
  author = {Pacheco Gómez, Michelle and Freire, Isa Maria and Lienert Lubisco, Nídia Maria},
  title = {{Frohmann ou González de Gómez: fique com os dois!}},
  year = {2024},
  journal = {Revista Conhecimento em Ação},
  volume = {9},
  pages = {e62838},
  doi = {10.47681/rca.v9i.62838},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.47681/rca.v9i.62838},
  langid = {portuguese}
}

@article{granger1969causal,
  author = {Granger, C. W. J.},
  title = {{Investigating Causal Relations by Econometric Models and Cross-spectral Methods}},
  year = {1969},
  journal = {Econometrica},
  volume = {37},
  pages = {424--438},
  doi = {10.2307/1912791},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.2307/1912791},
  number = {3},
  langid = {english}
}

@techreport{graphika2021disqualified,
  author = {Graphika},
  title = {{DisQualified: Network Impact of Twitter's Latest QAnon Enforcement}},
  year = {2021},
  institution = {Graphika},
  publisher = {Graphika},
  url = {https://www.graphika.com/blogs/disqualified-network-impact-of-twitters-latest-qanon-enforcement},
  date = {2021-01-22},
  langid = {english}
}

@incollection{green2023psychological,
  author = {Green, Ricky and Trella, Carolina and Biddlestone, Mikey and Douglas, Karen M. and Sutton, Robbie M.},
  title = {{Psychological Motives of QAnon Followers}},
  year = {2023},
  booktitle = {The Social Science of QAnon},
  pages = {33--48},
  publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
  doi = {10.1017/9781009052061.006},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009052061.006},
  langid = {english}
}

@misc{greenwood2020how,
  author = {Greenwood, Sue},
  title = {{How QAnon conspiracy theory memes are spreading on Facebook in the UK}},
  year = {2020},
  howpublished = {The Conversation},
  publisher = {The Conversation Media Group Ltd},
  doi = {10.64628/ab.pfxeys67p},
  date = {2020-09-25},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{greer2024when,
  author = {Greer, Katie and Beene, Stephanie},
  title = {{When belief becomes research: conspiracist communities on the social web}},
  year = {2024},
  journal = {Frontiers in Communication},
  volume = {9},
  doi = {10.3389/fcomm.2024.1345973},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.3389/fcomm.2024.1345973},
  langid = {english}
}

@incollection{gruszko2025qanon,
  author = {Gruszko, Katarzyna and Gajewski, Tomasz},
  title = {{The QAnon theory and its international impact}},
  year = {2025},
  booktitle = {Conspiracy Theories in International Relations},
  pages = {99--120},
  publisher = {Routledge},
  doi = {10.4324/9781003565604-7},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003565604-7},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{guenoun2021mouvance,
  author = {Guénoun, Tamara},
  title = {{La mouvance QAnon : un complexe de facticité du monde moderne}},
  year = {2021},
  journal = {L'Évolution Psychiatrique},
  volume = {86},
  pages = {307--317},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  doi = {10.1016/j.evopsy.2021.02.003},
  url = {https://hal.univ-lyon2.fr/hal-03916603v1},
  number = {2},
  langid = {french}
}

@misc{hagen2020cross,
  author = {Hagen, Sal and Peeters, Stijn and Jokubauskaitė, Emilija and de Zeeuw, Daniël},
  title = {{Cross-platform mentions of the QAnon conspiracy theory}},
  year = {2020},
  howpublished = {Zenodo},
  doi = {10.5281/zenodo.3758479},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3758479},
  langid = {english}
}

@incollection{haiven2026derivative,
  author = {Haiven, Max},
  title = {{Derivative Fascisms and Conspiracy Play}},
  year = {2026},
  booktitle = {The Player and the Played},
  pages = {63--92},
  publisher = {The MIT Press},
  doi = {10.7551/mitpress/16008.003.0005},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/16008.003.0005},
  langid = {english}
}

@inproceedings{hanley2022calm,
  author = {Hanley, Hans W. A. and Kumar, Deepak and Durumeric, Zakir},
  title = {{No Calm in the Storm: Investigating QAnon Website Relationships}},
  year = {2022},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media},
  volume = {16},
  pages = {299--310},
  doi = {10.1609/icwsm.v16i1.19293},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1609/icwsm.v16i1.19293},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{hanley2023golden,
  author = {Hanley, Hans W. A. and Kumar, Deepak and Durumeric, Zakir},
  title = {{A Golden Age: Conspiracy Theories' Relationship with Misinformation Outlets, News Media, and the Wider Internet}},
  year = {2023},
  journal = {Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction},
  volume = {7},
  publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)},
  doi = {10.1145/3610043},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3610043},
  number = {CSCW2},
  date = {2023-09-28},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{hannah2021qanon,
  author = {Hannah, Matthew},
  title = {{QAnon and the information dark age}},
  year = {2021},
  journal = {First Monday},
  volume = {26},
  doi = {10.5210/fm.v26i2.10868},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.5210/fm.v26i2.10868},
  number = {2},
  langid = {english}
}

@techreport{harfoush2021qanon,
  author = {Harfoush, Rahaf},
  title = {{QAnon, la culture numérique et les élections françaises : 3 éléments à prendre en compte}},
  year = {2021},
  institution = {Conseil national du numérique},
  publisher = {Conseil national du numérique},
  url = {https://web.archive.org/web/20210725223115/https://cnnumerique.fr/files/uploads/2021/CNNum_Note-QAnon-la-culture-numerique-et-les-elections-francaises_VF.pdf},
  langid = {french}
}

@article{haupt2025examining,
  author = {Haupt, Michael Robert and Larsen, Meng Zhen and Strayer, Michelle and Yang, Luning and Mackey, Tim K.},
  title = {{Examining Online Social Support for Countering QAnon Conspiracies}},
  year = {2025},
  journal = {arXiv preprint arXiv:2501.16668},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2501.16668},
  date = {2025-01-28},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{hawkes1971spectra,
  author = {Hawkes, Alan G.},
  title = {{Spectra of some self-exciting and mutually exciting point processes}},
  year = {1971},
  journal = {Biometrika},
  volume = {58},
  pages = {83--90},
  doi = {10.1093/biomet/58.1.83},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1093/biomet/58.1.83},
  number = {1},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{hawkins2026fertile,
  author = {Hawkins, Ian and Mede, Niels G. and Chinn, Sedona},
  title = {{Fertile ground to problematic views? How dark and mainstream social media relate to conspiracy beliefs and fake news}},
  year = {2026},
  journal = {Humanities and Social Sciences Communications},
  volume = {13},
  pages = {953},
  doi = {10.1057/s41599-026-07147-6},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-026-07147-6},
  number = {1},
  langid = {english}
}

@incollection{heering2025asthetik,
  author = {Heering, David},
  title = {{4. Die Ästhetik von QAnon}},
  year = {2025},
  booktitle = {Im Sog der Fiktionen: Zur Philosophie von Verschwörungstheorien},
  pages = {180--192},
  publisher = {transcript Verlag},
  doi = {10.14361/9783839475140-036},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.14361/9783839475140-036},
  langid = {german}
}

@incollection{hellinger2023new,
  author = {Hellinger, Daniel C.},
  title = {{New Conspiracism, Fake News, and QAnon}},
  year = {2023},
  booktitle = {Conspiracies and Conspiracy Theories in the Age of Trump},
  pages = {67--98},
  publisher = {Springer International Publishing},
  doi = {10.1007/978-3-031-44829-4_3},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-44829-4_3},
  langid = {english}
}

@inproceedings{hermanova2023fringe,
  author = {Hermanova, Marie},
  title = {{FROM FRINGE TO MAINSTREAM: QANON NARRATIVES IN CENTRAL EUROPEAN DIGITAL SPACES}},
  year = {2023},
  booktitle = {AoIR Selected Papers of Internet Research},
  publisher = {University of Illinois Libraries},
  doi = {10.5210/spir.v2022i0.13020},
  langid = {english}
}

@book{herradon2022gran,
  author = {Herradón, Óscar},
  title = {{La gran conspiración de QAnon: Y otras teorías delirantes de la era Trump}},
  year = {2022},
  publisher = {Editorial Edaf},
  url = {https://openlibrary.org/works/OL34836800W},
  langid = {spanish}
}

@incollection{heyes2024praying,
  author = {Heyes, Michael E.},
  title = {{Praying on Fear}},
  year = {2024},
  booktitle = {Demons in the USA},
  pages = {183--221},
  publisher = {Routledge},
  doi = {10.4324/9781003492542-7},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003492542-7},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{himelboim2023what,
  author = {Himelboim, Itai and Borah, Porismita and Lee, Danielle Ka Lai and Lee, Jeonghyun (Janice) and Su, Yan and Vishnevskaya, Anastasia and Xiao, Xizhu},
  title = {{What do 5G networks, Bill Gates, Agenda 21, and QAnon have in common? Sources, distribution, and characteristics}},
  year = {2023},
  journal = {New Media \& Society},
  volume = {26},
  publisher = {SAGE Publications},
  doi = {10.1177/14614448221142800},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1177/14614448221142800},
  number = {10},
  date = {2023-01-04},
  langid = {english}
}

@misc{hoback2021q,
  author = {Hoback, Cullen},
  title = {{Q: Into the Storm}},
  year = {2021},
  howpublished = {HBO},
  url = {https://press.wbd.com/us/media-release/hbo-0/q-storm/hbos-q-storm-six-part-documentary-series-exploring-origins-qanon-debuts-march-21-0},
  date = {2021-03-21},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{hodges2023taxonomizing,
  author = {Hodges, James A.},
  title = {{Taxonomizing Information Practices in a Large Conspiracy Movement: Using Early QAnon as a Case Study}},
  year = {2023},
  journal = {Information \& Culture},
  volume = {58},
  pages = {129--144},
  doi = {10.7560/ic58201},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.7560/ic58201},
  number = {2},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{hodson2022lost,
  author = {Hodson, Jaigris and Gosse, Chandell},
  title = {{Lost in the Information Maze: Understanding the Multiple Drivers of QAnon Online Conspiracy Theories}},
  year = {2022},
  journal = {Canadian Journal of Communication},
  volume = {47},
  pages = {730--744},
  doi = {10.3138/cjc.2022-07-26},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.3138/cjc.2022-07-26},
  number = {4},
  langid = {english}
}

@techreport{holnburger2022qvadis,
  author = {Holnburger, Josef and Goedeke Tort, Maheba and Lamberty, Pia},
  title = {{Q Vadis? The Spread of QAnon in the German-Speaking World}},
  year = {2022},
  institution = {CeMAS – Center für Monitoring, Analyse und Strategie},
  publisher = {CeMAS – Center für Monitoring, Analyse und Strategie},
  url = {https://cemas.io/en/publications/q-vadis-the-spread-of-qanon-in-the-german-speaking-world},
  date = {2022-03-31},
  langid = {english}
}

@techreport{holt2021qanon,
  author = {Holt, Jared and Rizzuto, Max},
  title = {{QAnon's hallmark catchphrases evaporating from the mainstream internet}},
  year = {2021},
  institution = {Digital Forensic Research Lab (DFRLab), Atlantic Council},
  publisher = {Digital Forensic Research Lab (DFRLab), Atlantic Council},
  url = {https://dfrlab.org/2021/05/26/qanons-hallmark-catchphrases-evaporating-from-the-mainstream-internet/},
  date = {2021-05-26},
  langid = {english}
}

@techreport{hopenothate2020qanon,
  author = {HOPE not hate},
  title = {{QAnon in the UK}},
  year = {2020},
  institution = {HOPE not hate Charitable Trust},
  publisher = {HOPE not hate Charitable Trust},
  url = {https://www.hopenothate.org.uk/qanon-in-the-uk/},
  langid = {english}
}

@inproceedings{hoseini2023globalization,
  author = {Hoseini, Mohamad and Melo, Philipe and Benevenuto, Fabricio and Feldmann, Anja and Zannettou, Savvas},
  title = {{On the Globalization of the QAnon Conspiracy Theory Through Telegram}},
  year = {2023},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 15th ACM Web Science Conference 2023},
  pages = {75--85},
  publisher = {ACM},
  doi = {10.1145/3578503.3583603},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3578503.3583603},
  langid = {english}
}

@misc{house2020condemning,
  author = {U.S. House of Representatives},
  title = {{H.Res.1154 - Condemning QAnon and rejecting the conspiracy theories it promotes}},
  year = {2020},
  howpublished = {116th Congress},
  url = {https://www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/house-resolution/1154},
  date = {2020-10-02},
  langid = {english}
}

@misc{house2022final,
  author = {Select Committee to Investigate the January 6th Attack on the United States Capitol},
  title = {{Final Report of the Select Committee to Investigate the January 6th Attack on the United States Capitol}},
  year = {2022},
  howpublished = {H. Rept. 117-663, 117th Congress, 2nd Session},
  publisher = {U.S. Government Publishing Office},
  url = {https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/GPO-J6-REPORT},
  date = {2022-12-22},
  langid = {english}
}

@incollection{hughes2024first,
  author = {Hughes, Brian},
  title = {{First Thoughts on a Second Qoming}},
  year = {2024},
  booktitle = {Selling the Sacred},
  pages = {122--136},
  publisher = {Routledge},
  doi = {10.4324/9781003342229-10},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003342229-10},
  langid = {english}
}

@phdthesis{ippolito2025red,
  author = {Ippolito, Heidi},
  title = {{Red Pills, Rambo Jesus, and Righteous Digital Soldiers: The Relationship Between Memes, Religion, and On-Screen Storytelling in QAnon Communities}},
  year = {2025},
  school = {University of Denver},
  publisher = {University of Denver},
  doi = {10.56902/etdcrp.2025.131},
  url = {https://digitalcommons.du.edu/etd/2576/},
  langid = {english}
}

@techreport{ipsos2020more,
  author = {Ipsos},
  title = {{More than 1 in 3 Americans believe a 'deep state' is working to undermine Trump}},
  year = {2020},
  institution = {Ipsos},
  publisher = {Ipsos},
  url = {https://www.ipsos.com/en-us/news-polls/npr-misinformation-123020},
  date = {2020-12-30},
  langid = {english}
}

@techreport{isd2020boom,
  author = {Institute for Strategic Dialogue and NewsGuard},
  title = {{The Boom Before the Ban: QAnon and Facebook}},
  year = {2020},
  institution = {Institute for Strategic Dialogue; NewsGuard},
  publisher = {Institute for Strategic Dialogue; NewsGuard},
  url = {https://www.isdglobal.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/20201218-ISDG-NewsGuard-QAnon-and-Facebook.pdf},
  date = {2020-12-18},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{jackson2005optimal,
  author = {Jackson, B. and Scargle, J. D. and Barnes, D. and Arabhi, S. and Alt, A. and Gioumousis, P. and Gwin, E. and San, P. and Tan, L. and Tsai, Tun Tao},
  title = {{An algorithm for optimal partitioning of data on an interval}},
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  number = {2},
  langid = {english}
}

@phdthesis{janousek2024interconnection,
  author = {Janoušek, Hynek},
  title = {{Interconnection between the Republican party in the USA and the disinformation movement QAnon}},
  year = {2024},
  school = {Univerzita Karlova},
  publisher = {Univerzita Karlova},
  url = {http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-621273},
  langid = {czech}
}

@techreport{jensen2021qanon,
  author = {Jensen, Michael and Kane, Sheehan},
  title = {{QAnon Offenders in the United States}},
  year = {2021},
  institution = {START, University of Maryland},
  publisher = {START, University of Maryland},
  url = {https://www.start.umd.edu/publication/qanon-offenders-united-states},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{jensen2024qanon,
  author = {Jensen, Michael A. and Kane, Sheehan},
  title = {{QAnon-inspired violence in the United States: an empirical assessment of a misunderstood threat}},
  year = {2024},
  journal = {Behavioral Sciences of Terrorism and Political Aggression},
  volume = {16},
  pages = {65--83},
  doi = {10.1080/19434472.2021.2013292},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/19434472.2021.2013292},
  number = {1},
  langid = {english}
}

@misc{jipson2025how,
  author = {Jipson, Art},
  title = {{How the QAnon movement entered mainstream politics – and why the silence on Epstein files matters}},
  year = {2025},
  howpublished = {The Conversation},
  doi = {10.64628/aai.v9qmyruwu},
  url = {https://theconversation.com/how-the-qanon-movement-entered-mainstream-politics-and-why-the-silence-on-epstein-files-matters-261316},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{jones2023sheeple,
  author = {Jones, Callum},
  title = {{‘We the people, not the sheeple’: QAnon and the transnational mobilisation of millennialist far-right conspiracy theories}},
  year = {2023},
  journal = {First Monday},
  doi = {10.5210/fm.v28i3.12854},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.5210/fm.v28i3.12854},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{jordan2023aliens,
  author = {Jordan, Meggan M. and Whitmer, Jennifer Marie},
  title = {{“I Would Give Anything to Talk about Aliens Now”: QAnon Conspiracy Theories and the Creation of Cognitive Deviance}},
  year = {2023},
  journal = {Sociological Perspectives},
  volume = {66},
  pages = {992--1014},
  doi = {10.1177/07311214231181383},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1177/07311214231181383},
  number = {6},
  langid = {english}
}

@incollection{kaplan2023qanon,
  author = {Kaplan, Tatyana},
  title = {{QAnon and Social Media}},
  year = {2023},
  booktitle = {The Social Science of QAnon},
  pages = {195--215},
  publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
  doi = {10.1017/9781009052061.017},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009052061.017},
  editor = {Miller, Monica K.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{killick2012pelt,
  author = {Killick, R. and Fearnhead, P. and Eckley, I. A.},
  title = {{Optimal Detection of Changepoints With a Linear Computational Cost}},
  year = {2012},
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  number = {500},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{kim2023information,
  author = {Kim, Soojong and Kim, Jisu},
  title = {{The Information Ecosystem of Conspiracy Theory: Examining the QAnon Narrative on Facebook}},
  year = {2023},
  journal = {Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction},
  volume = {7},
  pages = {1--24},
  doi = {10.1145/3579626},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3579626},
  number = {CSCW1},
  langid = {english}
}

@inproceedings{kim2025emotional,
  author = {Kim, Do Won and Buntain, Cody},
  title = {{Emotional Appeals in the 2020 \#SaveTheChildren Campaign: A Multi-Platform Study of Online Engagement in QAnon Messaging}},
  year = {2025},
  booktitle = {Companion Publication of the 17th ACM Web Science Conference 2025},
  pages = {1--10},
  doi = {10.1145/3720554.3733843},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3720554.3733843},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{kim2026networked,
  author = {Kim, Sang Jung and Foley, Jordan and Yang, Yunkang and Lee, Keyeun},
  title = {{Networked Counterpublics and Contentious Publicity: A Cross-Platform Analysis of QAnon on Parler and Twitter}},
  year = {2026},
  journal = {Political Communication},
  pages = {1--25},
  doi = {10.1080/10584609.2026.2708132},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/10584609.2026.2708132},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{king2025behold,
  author = {King, Shelby},
  title = {{Behold—the Storm Cometh!: Prophecy, Revelation, and QAnon’s Great Disappointment}},
  year = {2025},
  journal = {Journal of Religion and Violence},
  volume = {10},
  pages = {140--168},
  doi = {10.5840/jrv2025102/35},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.5840/jrv2025102/35},
  number = {2},
  langid = {english}
}

@misc{kingsman2021qanon,
  author = {Kingsman, Jack},
  title = {{QAnon Posts Dataset (JSON-QAnon)}},
  year = {2021},
  howpublished = {Kaggle / GitHub},
  url = {https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/jkingsman/qanondrops},
  langid = {english}
}

@misc{kirkpatrick2022who,
  author = {Kirkpatrick, David D.},
  title = {{Who Is Behind QAnon? Linguistic Detectives Find Fingerprints}},
  year = {2022},
  howpublished = {The New York Times},
  url = {https://www.nytimes.com/2022/02/19/technology/qanon-messages-authors.html},
  date = {2022-02-19},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{kleinenvonkonigslow2021verschworungstheorien,
  author = {Kleinen-von Königslöw, Katharina and von Nordheim, Gerret},
  title = {{Verschwörungstheorien in sozialen Netzwerken am Beispiel von QAnon}},
  year = {2021},
  journal = {Aus Politik und Zeitgeschichte},
  publisher = {Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung},
  url = {https://www.bpb.de/apuz/verschwoerungstheorien-2021/339281/verschwoerungstheorien-in-sozialen-netzwerken-am-beispiel-von-qanon},
  langid = {german}
}

@article{kohnert2023qanon,
  author = {Kohnert, Dirk},
  title = {{QAnon and Other Conspiracy Ideologies’ Impact on Sub-Saharan Africa in the Age of Global Capitalism}},
  year = {2023},
  journal = {International Journal of African Studies},
  volume = {3},
  pages = {74--89},
  publisher = {SvedbergOpen},
  doi = {10.51483/ijafrs.3.2.2023.74-89},
  number = {2},
  langid = {english}
}

@misc{kovac2020how,
  author = {Kovac, Adam},
  title = {{How Canada became one of the world's biggest hubs for QAnon conspiracy theories}},
  year = {2020},
  howpublished = {CTV News Montreal},
  url = {https://www.ctvnews.ca/montreal/article/how-canada-became-one-of-the-worlds-biggest-hubs-for-qanon-conspiracy-theories/},
  date = {2020-11-03},
  langid = {english}
}

@incollection{kreiss2025democratic,
  author = {Kreiss, Daniel and Sugarman, Aaron},
  title = {{The Democratic Decay Within: The US Republican Party and QAnon as a Digital Surrogate}},
  year = {2025},
  booktitle = {Connective Action and the Rise of the Far-Right},
  pages = {90--121},
  publisher = {Oxford University Press},
  doi = {10.1093/oso/9780197794937.003.0004},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197794937.003.0004},
  editor = {Livingston, Steven and Miller, Michael},
  langid = {english}
}

@misc{lafrance2020prophecies,
  author = {LaFrance, Adrienne},
  title = {{The Prophecies of Q}},
  year = {2020},
  howpublished = {The Atlantic (June 2020 issue)},
  url = {https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2020/06/qanon-nothing-can-stop-what-is-coming/610567/},
  date = {2020-05-14},
  langid = {english}
}

@incollection{lal2024qanon,
  author = {Lal, Rollie},
  title = {{QAnon Extremist Propaganda: Using the Internet to Spread Hate}},
  year = {2024},
  booktitle = {Issues of Terrorism in the Post-Coronavirus Era},
  pages = {187--199},
  publisher = {Springer Nature Switzerland},
  doi = {10.1007/978-3-031-68542-2_11},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-68542-2_11},
  editor = {Chasdi, Richard J. and Sharan, Yair},
  langid = {english}
}

@incollection{langer2023zusammenhange,
  author = {Langer, Armin},
  title = {{Zusammenhänge zwischen antisemitischer Hundepfeifenpolitik und rechtsextremer Gewalt: Das Beispiel der George-Soros-Verschwörungstheorien und des QAnon-Kollektivs}},
  year = {2023},
  booktitle = {Rechter Terrorismus: international – digital – analog},
  pages = {231--252},
  publisher = {Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden},
  doi = {10.1007/978-3-658-40396-6_9},
  langid = {german}
}

@article{lee1999nmf,
  author = {Lee, Daniel D. and Seung, H. Sebastian},
  title = {{Learning the parts of objects by non-negative matrix factorization}},
  year = {1999},
  journal = {Nature},
  volume = {401},
  pages = {788--791},
  doi = {10.1038/44565},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1038/44565},
  number = {6755},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{lee2022storm,
  author = {Lee, Claire Seungeun and Merizalde, Juan and Colautti, John D. and An, Jisun and Kwak, Haewoon},
  title = {{Storm the Capitol: Linking Offline Political Speech and Online Twitter Extra-Representational Participation on QAnon and the January 6 Insurrection}},
  year = {2022},
  journal = {Frontiers in Sociology},
  volume = {7},
  doi = {10.3389/fsoc.2022.876070},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.3389/fsoc.2022.876070},
  langid = {english}
}

@misc{leloup2020france,
  author = {Leloup, Damien and Brandy, Grégor},
  title = {{En France, la mouvance conspirationniste QAnon gagne des adeptes}},
  year = {2020},
  howpublished = {Le Monde},
  url = {https://www.lemonde.fr/pixels/article/2020/10/14/en-france-la-mouvance-conspirationniste-qanon-gagne-des-adeptes_6055916_4408996.html},
  date = {2020-10-14},
  langid = {french}
}

@misc{leloup2020qanon,
  author = {Leloup, Damien and Brandy, Grégor},
  title = {{QAnon : aux racines de la théorie conspirationniste qui contamine l'Amérique}},
  year = {2020},
  howpublished = {Le Monde},
  url = {https://www.lemonde.fr/pixels/article/2020/10/14/qanon-aux-racines-de-la-theorie-conspirationniste-qui-contamine-l-amerique_6055921_4408996.html},
  date = {2020-10-14},
  langid = {french}
}

@article{levin2022validating,
  author = {Levin, Ines and Filindra, Alexandra and Kopstein, Jeffrey S.},
  title = {{Validating and testing a measure of anti‐semitism on support for QAnon and vote intention for Trump in 2020}},
  year = {2022},
  journal = {Social Science Quarterly},
  volume = {103},
  pages = {794--809},
  doi = {10.1111/ssqu.13155},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1111/ssqu.13155},
  number = {4},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{levstock2024qanon,
  author = {Levstock, Laura},
  title = {{QAnon in den sozialen Medien: Zur Reproduktion antisemitischer Topoi auf Facebook}},
  year = {2024},
  journal = {ELAD-SILDA},
  publisher = {Université Jean Moulin Lyon 3},
  doi = {10.35562/elad-silda.1423},
  number = {9},
  langid = {german}
}

@misc{lighthouse2022tracking,
  author = {Lighthouse Reports and Bellingcat},
  title = {{Tracking QAnon in Europe}},
  year = {2022},
  howpublished = {Lighthouse Reports},
  url = {https://www.lighthousereports.com/investigation/qanon-in-europe-tracing-a-viral-conspiracy/},
  date = {2022-10-05},
  langid = {english}
}

@phdthesis{lindblom2024deep,
  author = {Lindblom, Vera},
  title = {{The deep state and the COVID-19 hoax : The influence of the American conspiracy theory movement QAnon in Finnish online discussions}},
  year = {2024},
  school = {University of Helsinki},
  publisher = {University of Helsinki},
  url = {http://hdl.handle.net/10138/572111},
  langid = {fi}
}

@article{linvill2021mapping,
  author = {Linvill, Darren and Chambers, Matthew and Duck, Jennifer and Sheffield, Steven},
  title = {{Mapping the messenger: Exploring the disinformation of QAnon}},
  year = {2021},
  journal = {First Monday},
  volume = {26},
  doi = {10.5210/fm.v26i12.11745},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.5210/fm.v26i12.11745},
  number = {12},
  langid = {english}
}

@phdthesis{loertscher2025visions,
  author = {Loertscher, Pierre},
  title = {{Visions of Politics: Mapping Ideological Resonance in QAnon's Global Diffusion}},
  year = {2025},
  school = {University of Chicago},
  publisher = {University of Chicago},
  doi = {10.6082/t4ww3-f4482},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.6082/t4ww3-f4482},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{lukito2023doublespeak,
  author = {Lukito, Josephine and Gursky, Jacob and Foley, Jordan and Yang, Yunkang and Joseff, Katie and Borah, Porsmita},
  title = {{“No Reason[.] [I]t /Should/ Happen here”: Analyzing Flynn’s Retroactive Doublespeak During a QAnon Event}},
  year = {2023},
  journal = {Political Communication},
  volume = {40},
  pages = {576--595},
  doi = {10.1080/10584609.2023.2185332},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/10584609.2023.2185332},
  number = {5},
  langid = {english}
}

@incollection{lukito2025how,
  author = {Lukito, Josephine and Yang, Yunkang and Kim, Sang Jung},
  title = {{How QAnon Developed from a Fringe Group to a Digital Surrogate for the GOP}},
  year = {2025},
  booktitle = {Connective Action and the Rise of the Far-Right},
  pages = {62--89},
  publisher = {Oxford University Press},
  doi = {10.1093/oso/9780197794937.003.0003},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197794937.003.0003},
  editor = {Livingston, Steven and Miller, Michael},
  langid = {english}
}

@book{lundskow2023qanon,
  author = {Lundskow, George and MacMillen, Sarah Louise},
  title = {{QAnon and Other Replacement Realities: How Religious Emotion Threatens Free Society but Can Also Contribute to a Progressive Future}},
  year = {2023},
  publisher = {Lexington Books},
  doi = {10.5040/9798216420897},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.5040/9798216420897},
  langid = {english}
}

@misc{mace2021qanons,
  author = {Macé, Maxime and Plottu, Pierre},
  title = {{Les QAnons français : qui sont-ils ?}},
  year = {2021},
  howpublished = {Conspiracy Watch},
  url = {https://www.conspiracywatch.info/les-qanons-francais-qui-sont-ils.html},
  date = {2021-08-04},
  langid = {french}
}

@incollection{martin2024borders,
  author = {Martin, Joshua D.},
  title = {{Of Borders and Disorders}},
  year = {2024},
  booktitle = {American Conspiracism: An Interdisciplinary Exploration},
  pages = {234--254},
  publisher = {Routledge},
  doi = {10.4324/9781003459255-16},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003459255-16},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{marwick2024constructing,
  author = {Marwick, Alice E. and Partin, William Clyde},
  title = {{Constructing alternative facts: Populist expertise and the QAnon conspiracy}},
  year = {2024},
  journal = {New Media \& Society},
  volume = {26},
  pages = {2535--2555},
  doi = {10.1177/14614448221090201},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1177/14614448221090201},
  number = {5},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{mastrangelo2024downlining,
  author = {Mastrangelo, Frankie and Longo, Gina Marie},
  title = {{Downlining Disinformation: How MLM Distributors Use Gendered Strategies for Recruitment and Pastel QAnon Indoctrination}},
  year = {2024},
  journal = {Social Media + Society},
  volume = {10},
  doi = {10.1177/20563051231224735},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1177/20563051231224735},
  number = {1},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{mastroni2024onehundred,
  author = {Mastroni, Lauren and Mooney, Robyn},
  title = {{“I one-hundred thousand percent blame it on QAnon”: The impact of QAnon belief on interpersonal relationships}},
  year = {2024},
  journal = {Journal of Social and Personal Relationships},
  volume = {41},
  pages = {2478--2499},
  doi = {10.1177/02654075241246124},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1177/02654075241246124},
  number = {9},
  langid = {english}
}

@misc{matthews2024descartes,
  author = {Matthews, Taylor},
  title = {{Descartes and the deep state: what 17th-century philosophy reveals about Trump and QAnon}},
  year = {2024},
  howpublished = {The Conversation},
  doi = {10.64628/ab.s4wc4d3ve},
  url = {https://theconversation.com/descartes-and-the-deep-state-what-17th-century-philosophy-reveals-about-trump-and-qanon-229675},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{mcaulay2024storm,
  author = {McAulay, J.},
  title = {{Into the Storm: QAnon and the Appeal of Conspiracist Millennialism in Far-Right and Fascist Political Movements}},
  year = {2024},
  journal = {St Antony's International Review},
  volume = {20},
  pages = {56--76},
  url = {https://openaccess.city.ac.uk/id/eprint/38374/},
  number = {1},
  langid = {english}
}

@techreport{mcaweeney2020qtips,
  author = {McAweeney, Erin},
  title = {{Q-Tips: Measuring the Mainstreaming of QAnon During the Pandemic}},
  year = {2020},
  institution = {Graphika},
  publisher = {Graphika},
  url = {https://www.graphika.com/blogs/q-tips-measuring-the-mainstreaming-of-qanon-during-the-pandemic},
  date = {2020-09-02},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{mccabe2024post,
  author = {McCabe, Stefan D. and Ferrari, Diogo and Green, Jon and Lazer, David M. J. and Esterling, Kevin M.},
  title = {{Post-January 6th deplatforming reduced the reach of misinformation on Twitter}},
  year = {2024},
  journal = {Nature},
  volume = {630},
  publisher = {Springer Science and Business Media LLC},
  doi = {10.1038/s41586-024-07524-8},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-024-07524-8},
  number = {8015},
  date = {2024-06-05},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{mcintosh2022sinister,
  author = {McIntosh, Janet},
  title = {{The sinister signs of QAnon: Interpretive agency and paranoid truths in alt‐right oracles}},
  year = {2022},
  journal = {Anthropology Today},
  volume = {38},
  pages = {8--12},
  doi = {10.1111/1467-8322.12697},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8322.12697},
  number = {1},
  langid = {english}
}

@misc{mekacher2022cant,
  author = {Mekacher, Amin and Papasavva, Antonis},
  title = {{"I Can't Keep It Up." A Dataset from the Defunct Voat.co News Aggregator}},
  year = {2022},
  howpublished = {Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media},
  volume = {16},
  pages = {1302--1311},
  doi = {10.1609/icwsm.v16i1.19382},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1609/icwsm.v16i1.19382},
  langid = {english}
}

@book{merlan2019republic,
  author = {Merlan, Anna},
  title = {{Republic of Lies: American Conspiracy Theorists and Their Surprising Rise to Power}},
  year = {2019},
  publisher = {Metropolitan Books},
  url = {https://openlibrary.org/works/OL20157130W},
  langid = {english}
}

@misc{meta2020update,
  author = {Meta},
  title = {{An Update to How We Address Movements and Organizations Tied to Violence}},
  year = {2020},
  publisher = {Meta Newsroom},
  url = {https://about.fb.com/news/2020/08/addressing-movements-and-organizations-tied-to-violence/},
  date = {2020-08-19},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{miller2021characterizing,
  author = {Miller, Daniel Taninecz},
  title = {{Characterizing QAnon: Analysis of YouTube comments presents new conclusions about a popular conservative conspiracy}},
  year = {2021},
  journal = {First Monday},
  volume = {26},
  doi = {10.5210/fm.v26i2.10168},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.5210/fm.v26i2.10168},
  number = {2},
  langid = {english}
}

@book{miller2023social,
  author = {Miller, Monica K.},
  title = {{The Social Science of QAnon: A New Social and Political Phenomenon}},
  year = {2023},
  publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
  doi = {10.1017/9781009052061},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009052061},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{mimizuka2024fly,
  author = {Mimizuka, Kayo and Rodarte, André K and Arif, Ahmer},
  title = {{On the fly: How Japanese social media “watchers” improvise to counter problematic information}},
  year = {2024},
  journal = {New Media \& Society},
  volume = {28},
  pages = {720--738},
  publisher = {SAGE Publications},
  doi = {10.1177/14614448241302311},
  number = {2},
  langid = {english}
}

@phdthesis{mimizuka2025communities,
  author = {Mimizuka, Kayo},
  title = {{Communities of misinformation: Japanese QAnon conspiracy theorists and their online "Watchers"}},
  year = {2025},
  school = {The University of Texas at Austin},
  publisher = {The University of Texas at Austin},
  doi = {10.26153/tsw/62868},
  url = {https://repositories.lib.utexas.edu/handle/2152/135548},
  langid = {english}
}

@phdthesis{miotto2022stand,
  author = {Miotto, Nicolò},
  title = {{Stand against the wiles of the devil. Interpreting QAnon as a Christian extremist movement}},
  year = {2022},
  school = {Univerzita Karlova},
  publisher = {Univerzita Karlova},
  url = {http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-512150},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{miotto2024stand,
  author = {Miotto, Nicolò and Droogan, Julian},
  title = {{‘Stand Against the Wiles of the Devil’: Interpreting QAnon as a Pseudo-Christian Extremist Movement}},
  year = {2024},
  journal = {Critical Sociology},
  volume = {51},
  pages = {503--526},
  doi = {10.1177/08969205241228744},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1177/08969205241228744},
  number = {3},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{monroe2008fightin,
  author = {Monroe, Burt L. and Colaresi, Michael P. and Quinn, Kevin M.},
  title = {{Fightin' Words: Lexical Feature Selection and Evaluation for Identifying the Content of Political Conflict}},
  year = {2008},
  journal = {Political Analysis},
  volume = {16},
  pages = {372--403},
  doi = {10.1093/pan/mpn018},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1093/pan/mpn018},
  number = {4},
  langid = {english}
}

@misc{montgomery2021japanese,
  author = {Montgomery, Hanako},
  title = {{Japanese QAnon Supporters Are (Still) Seeking Salvation in Trump}},
  year = {2021},
  howpublished = {Vice},
  url = {https://www.vice.com/en/article/japanese-qanon-supporters-are-still-seeking-salvation-in-trump},
  date = {2021-01-08},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{monti2023online,
  author = {Monti, Corrado and Cinelli, Matteo and Valensise, Carlo and Quattrociocchi, Walter and Starnini, Michele},
  title = {{Online conspiracy communities are more resilient to deplatforming}},
  year = {2023},
  journal = {PNAS Nexus},
  volume = {2},
  publisher = {Oxford University Press (OUP)},
  doi = {10.1093/pnasnexus/pgad324},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1093/pnasnexus/pgad324},
  number = {10},
  date = {2023-09-29},
  langid = {english}
}

@misc{montpetit2020anti,
  author = {Montpetit, Jonathan},
  title = {{Anti-mask protest in Montreal draws large crowd, propelled by U.S. conspiracy theories}},
  year = {2020},
  howpublished = {CBC News},
  url = {https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/montreal/anti-mask-protest-montreal-1.5722033},
  date = {2020-09-12},
  langid = {english}
}

@misc{montpetit2020quebec,
  author = {Montpetit, Jonathan},
  title = {{Quebec conspiracy theorist kicked off YouTube for spreading COVID-19 misinformation}},
  year = {2020},
  howpublished = {CBC News},
  url = {https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/montreal/youtube-radio-qu%C3%A9bec-qanon-1.5763413},
  date = {2020-10-15},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{moore2024private,
  author = {Moore, Ryan C and Dahlke, Ross and Forberg, Peter L and Hancock, Jeffrey T},
  title = {{The Private Life of QAnon: A Mixed Methods Investigation of Americans' Exposure to QAnon Content on the Web}},
  year = {2024},
  journal = {Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction},
  volume = {8},
  pages = {1--34},
  doi = {10.1145/3687057},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3687057},
  number = {CSCW2},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{moran2023navigating,
  author = {Moran, Rachel E. and Prochaska, Stephen and Grasso, Izzi and Schlegel, Isabelle},
  title = {{Navigating Information-Seeking in Conspiratorial Waters: Anti-Trafficking Advocacy and Education Post QAnon}},
  year = {2023},
  journal = {Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction},
  volume = {7},
  pages = {1--27},
  doi = {10.1145/3579510},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3579510},
  number = {CSCW1},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{morelock2022nexus,
  author = {Morelock, Jeremiah and Narita, Felipe Ziotti},
  title = {{The Nexus of QAnon and COVID-19: Legitimation Crisis and Epistemic Crisis}},
  year = {2022},
  journal = {Critical Sociology},
  volume = {48},
  pages = {1005--1024},
  doi = {10.1177/08969205211069614},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1177/08969205211069614},
  number = {6},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{moskalenko2021evolution,
  author = {Moskalenko, Sophia},
  title = {{Evolution of QAnon \& Radicalization by Conspiracy Theories}},
  year = {2021},
  journal = {The Journal of Intelligence, Conflict, and Warfare},
  volume = {4},
  pages = {109--114},
  doi = {10.21810/jicw.v4i2.3756},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.21810/jicw.v4i2.3756},
  number = {2},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{moskalenko2023secondhand,
  author = {Moskalenko, Sophia and Burton, B. S. and Fernández-Garayzábal González, J. and Bloom, M. M.},
  title = {{Secondhand Conspiracy Theories: The Social, Emotional and Political Tolls on Loved Ones of QAnon Followers}},
  year = {2023},
  journal = {Democracy and Security},
  volume = {19},
  pages = {231--250},
  doi = {10.1080/17419166.2022.2111305},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/17419166.2022.2111305},
  number = {3},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{moskalenko2024mere,
  author = {Moskalenko, Sophia and Pavlović, Tomislav and Romanova, Ekaterina},
  title = {{Mere exposure to conspiracy theories: effects on radical intentions among believers and nonbelievers}},
  year = {2024},
  journal = {Behavioral Sciences of Terrorism and Political Aggression},
  volume = {18},
  pages = {163--187},
  doi = {10.1080/19434472.2024.2396282},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/19434472.2024.2396282},
  number = {2},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{moskalenko2024qanon,
  author = {Moskalenko, Sophia and Pavlović, Tomislav and Burton, Brett},
  title = {{QAnon Beliefs, Political Radicalization and Support for January 6th Insurrection: A Gendered Perspective}},
  year = {2024},
  journal = {Terrorism and Political Violence},
  volume = {36},
  pages = {962--981},
  doi = {10.1080/09546553.2023.2236230},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/09546553.2023.2236230},
  number = {7},
  langid = {english}
}

@incollection{moskalenko2026psychology,
  author = {Moskalenko, Sophia},
  title = {{The Psychology of QAnon and Its Role in Radicalization to Political Violence}},
  year = {2026},
  booktitle = {De Gruyter Handbook of the Psychology of Terrorism},
  pages = {499--512},
  publisher = {De Gruyter},
  doi = {10.1515/9783111444529-043},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1515/9783111444529-043},
  editor = {McCauley, Clark R. and Moskalenko, Sophia and Scott Ligon, Gina},
  langid = {english}
}

@misc{mossou2022qanon,
  author = {Mossou, Annique and Geiger, Gabriel},
  title = {{As QAnon Falters, European Followers Flock to a Financial Conspiracy}},
  year = {2022},
  howpublished = {Bellingcat},
  url = {https://www.bellingcat.com/news/2022/12/21/as-qanon-falters-european-followers-flock-to-a-financial-conspiracy/},
  date = {2022-12-21},
  langid = {english}
}

@misc{muggah2021brazil,
  author = {Muggah, Robert},
  title = {{In Brazil, QAnon Has a Distinctly Bolsonaro Flavor}},
  year = {2021},
  howpublished = {Instituto Igarapé},
  url = {https://igarape.org.br/in-brazil-qanon-has-a-distinctly-bolsonaro-flavor/},
  date = {2021-02-12},
  langid = {english}
}

@book{mulcahy2026relational,
  author = {Mulcahy, Rian and Simpson, Jessica},
  title = {{A Relational Approach to the QAnon Movement: The Hidden Pandemic}},
  year = {2026},
  publisher = {Emerald Publishing Limited},
  doi = {10.1108/978-1-83797-787-1},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1108/978-1-83797-787-1},
  langid = {english}
}

@incollection{murru2022qanon,
  author = {Murru, Maria Francesca},
  title = {{QAnon and Its Conspiracy Milieu: The Italian Case}},
  year = {2022},
  booktitle = {Populism and Science in Europe},
  pages = {163--184},
  publisher = {Springer International Publishing},
  doi = {10.1007/978-3-030-97535-7_8},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-97535-7_8},
  editor = {Eslen-Ziya, Hande and Giorgi, Alberta},
  langid = {english}
}

@misc{nalon2020como,
  author = {Nalon, Tai},
  title = {{Como a narrativa QAnon pode moldar o discurso político no Brasil}},
  year = {2020},
  howpublished = {Aos Fatos},
  url = {https://www.aosfatos.org/noticias/como-narrativa-qanon-pode-moldar-o-discurso-politico-no-brasil/},
  date = {2020-09-08},
  langid = {portuguese}
}

@article{nelson2025almost,
  author = {Nelson, Melissa},
  title = {{Almost, Beyond, or Alongside Fandom? An Alternative Frame for QAnon}},
  year = {2025},
  journal = {Proceedings from the Document Academy},
  volume = {12},
  doi = {10.35492/docam/12/1/4},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.35492/docam/12/1/4},
  number = {1},
  langid = {english}
}

@techreport{newsguard2020special,
  author = {NewsGuard},
  title = {{Special Report: QAnon in Europe}},
  year = {2020},
  institution = {NewsGuard},
  publisher = {NewsGuard},
  url = {https://www.newsguardtech.com/special-report-qanon/},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{noble2025cueanon,
  author = {Noble, Benjamin S. and Carlson, Taylor N.},
  title = {{CueAnon: What QAnon Signals About Congressional Candidates and What it Costs Them}},
  year = {2025},
  journal = {Political Behavior},
  volume = {47},
  pages = {435--456},
  doi = {10.1007/s11109-024-09957-3},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s11109-024-09957-3},
  number = {1},
  langid = {english}
}

@misc{nos2020twitter,
  author = {NOS},
  title = {{Twitter verwijdert negentig Nederlandse QAnon-accounts}},
  year = {2020},
  howpublished = {NOS},
  url = {https://nos.nl/artikel/2355035-twitter-verwijdert-negentig-nederlandse-qanon-accounts},
  date = {2020-11-03},
  langid = {dutch}
}

@article{ogata1988statistical,
  author = {Ogata, Yosihiko},
  title = {{Statistical Models for Earthquake Occurrences and Residual Analysis for Point Processes}},
  year = {1988},
  journal = {Journal of the American Statistical Association},
  volume = {83},
  pages = {9--27},
  doi = {10.1080/01621459.1988.10478560},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/01621459.1988.10478560},
  number = {401},
  langid = {english}
}

@techreport{orphanalytics2020style,
  author = {OrphAnalytics},
  title = {{Style analysis by machine learning reveals that two authors likely shared the writing of QAnon's messages at two different periods in time}},
  year = {2020},
  institution = {OrphAnalytics SA},
  publisher = {OrphAnalytics SA},
  url = {https://www.orphanalytics.com/en/news/whitepaper202012},
  date = {2020-12-15},
  langid = {english}
}

@techreport{orphanalytics2022computational,
  author = {OrphAnalytics},
  title = {{Computational linguistics sheds new light on QAnon's identity}},
  year = {2022},
  institution = {OrphAnalytics SA},
  publisher = {OrphAnalytics SA},
  url = {https://www.orphanalytics.com/en/news/whitepaper202201},
  date = {2022-02-19},
  langid = {english}
}

@techreport{orphanalytics2022recent,
  author = {OrphAnalytics},
  title = {{Ron Watkins confirmed as the most likely author of recent Q Drops}},
  year = {2022},
  institution = {OrphAnalytics SA},
  publisher = {OrphAnalytics SA},
  url = {https://www.orphanalytics.com/en/news/qanon-in-2022},
  date = {2022-10-16},
  langid = {english}
}

@phdthesis{pachman2024vliv,
  author = {Pachman, Vilém},
  title = {{Vliv konspirační teorie QAnon na volby a politické dění v USA}},
  year = {2024},
  school = {Univerzita Karlova},
  publisher = {Univerzita Karlova},
  url = {http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-651519},
  langid = {czech}
}

@article{packer2021where,
  author = {Packer, Joseph and Stoneman, Ethan},
  title = {{Where We Produce One, We Produce All}},
  year = {2021},
  journal = {Cultural Politics},
  volume = {17},
  pages = {255--278},
  doi = {10.1215/17432197-9305338},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1215/17432197-9305338},
  number = {3},
  langid = {english}
}

@misc{papasavva2020raiders,
  author = {Papasavva, Antonis and Zannettou, Savvas and De Cristofaro, Emiliano and Stringhini, Gianluca and Blackburn, Jeremy},
  title = {{Raiders of the Lost Kek: 3.5 Years of Augmented 4chan Posts from the Politically Incorrect Board}},
  year = {2020},
  howpublished = {Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media},
  volume = {14},
  publisher = {Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence (AAAI)},
  doi = {10.1609/icwsm.v14i1.7354},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1609/icwsm.v14i1.7354},
  date = {2020-05-26},
  langid = {english}
}

@inproceedings{papasavva2021qoincidence,
  author = {Papasavva, Antonis and Blackburn, Jeremy and Stringhini, Gianluca and Zannettou, Savvas and De Cristofaro, Emiliano},
  title = {{"Is it a Qoincidence?": An Exploratory Study of QAnon on Voat}},
  year = {2021},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the Web Conference 2021},
  pages = {460--471},
  publisher = {ACM},
  doi = {10.1145/3442381.3450036},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3442381.3450036},
  langid = {english}
}

@inproceedings{papasavva2022gospel,
  author = {Papasavva, Antonis and Aliapoulios, Max and Ballard, Cameron and De Cristofaro, Emiliano and Stringhini, Gianluca and Zannettou, Savvas and Blackburn, Jeremy},
  title = {{The Gospel according to Q: Understanding the QAnon Conspiracy from the Perspective of Canonical Information}},
  year = {2022},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media},
  volume = {16},
  pages = {735--746},
  doi = {10.1609/icwsm.v16i1.19330},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1609/icwsm.v16i1.19330},
  langid = {english}
}

@inproceedings{papasavva2024waiting,
  author = {Papasavva, Antonis and Mariconti, Enrico},
  title = {{Waiting for Q: An Exploration of QAnon Users' Online Migration to Poal in the Wake of Voat's Demise}},
  year = {2024},
  booktitle = {ACM Web Science Conference (WebSci '24)},
  pages = {250--261},
  publisher = {ACM},
  doi = {10.1145/3614419.3644021},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3614419.3644021},
  langid = {english}
}

@misc{parismatch2020mouvance,
  author = {Paris Match Belgique},
  title = {{"La mouvance QAnon a eu une véritable accélération du fait de Donald Trump"}},
  year = {2020},
  howpublished = {Paris Match Belgique},
  url = {https://www.parismatch.be/actualites/societe/2020/10/30/la-mouvance-qanon-a-eu-une-veritable-acceleration-du-fait-de-donald-trump-JX72VU3IHRHIXMIQHB5CUQSBX4/},
  date = {2020-10-30},
  langid = {french}
}

@article{pasquetto2022disinformation,
  author = {Pasquetto, Irene V. and Olivieri, Alberto F. and Tacchetti, Luca and Riotta, Gianni and Spada, Alessandra},
  title = {{Disinformation as Infrastructure: Making and Maintaining the QAnon Conspiracy on Italian Digital Media}},
  year = {2022},
  journal = {Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction},
  volume = {6},
  pages = {1--31},
  doi = {10.1145/3512931},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3512931},
  number = {CSCW1},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{patane2026mothers,
  author = {Patane, Christopher and Perry, Kate and Gibson, Tobias},
  title = {{Mothers of Conspiracy: Child Trafficking (Dis)information and the Politics of the Women of QAnon in the United States}},
  year = {2026},
  journal = {Politics \& Gender},
  pages = {1--22},
  doi = {10.1017/s1743923x26100737},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1017/s1743923x26100737},
  langid = {english}
}

@incollection{pates2025humanity,
  author = {Pates, Harrison},
  title = {{“For Humanity—Fight—Learn”: History in the QAnon Conspiracy}},
  year = {2025},
  booktitle = {Conspiracy as Genre: Narrative, Power, and Circulation},
  pages = {53--72},
  publisher = {Bloomsbury Publishing Plc},
  doi = {10.5040/9781350467903.ch-004},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.5040/9781350467903.ch-004},
  editor = {Tebaldi, Catherine and Plum, Alistair and Purschke, Christoph},
  langid = {english}
}

@incollection{pearce2024game,
  author = {Pearce, Celia},
  title = {{“This Is Not a Game”: Alternate Reality, Alternative Facts, and the January 6 Insurrection}},
  year = {2024},
  booktitle = {Playframes: How Do We Know We Are Playing?},
  pages = {217--252},
  publisher = {The MIT Press},
  doi = {10.7551/mitpress/15344.003.0020},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/15344.003.0020},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{peng1994mosaic,
  author = {Peng, C.-K. and Buldyrev, S. V. and Havlin, S. and Simons, M. and Stanley, H. E. and Goldberger, A. L.},
  title = {{Mosaic organization of DNA nucleotides}},
  year = {1994},
  journal = {Physical Review E},
  volume = {49},
  pages = {1685--1689},
  doi = {10.1103/PhysRevE.49.1685},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevE.49.1685},
  number = {2},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{perezcaballero2026inspirar,
  author = {Pérez Caballero, Jesús},
  title = {{Inspirar y conspirar: Iconicidad, tecnologías y religiosidad de QAnon}},
  year = {2026},
  journal = {Andamios, Revista de Investigación Social},
  volume = {23},
  pages = {291--321},
  doi = {10.29092/uacm.v23i60.1258},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.29092/uacm.v23i60.1258},
  number = {60},
  langid = {spanish}
}

@article{peterkabenton2025conspiracy,
  author = {Peterka-Benton, Daniela and Benton, Bond and Penney, Joel},
  title = {{From conspiracy to normalcy: The mainstreaming of QAnon in “Disney grooming” messages online}},
  year = {2025},
  journal = {Crime, Media, Culture: An International Journal},
  volume = {21},
  pages = {169--186},
  doi = {10.1177/17416590241257862},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1177/17416590241257862},
  number = {2},
  langid = {english}
}

@techreport{pew2020most,
  author = {Mitchell, Amy and Jurkowitz, Mark and Oliphant, J. Baxter and Shearer, Elisa},
  title = {{Most Americans who have heard of QAnon conspiracy theories say they are bad for the country and that Trump seems to support people who promote them}},
  year = {2020},
  institution = {Pew Research Center},
  publisher = {Pew Research Center},
  url = {https://www.pewresearch.org/journalism/2020/09/16/most-americans-who-have-heard-of-qanon-conspiracy-theories-say-they-are-bad-for-the-country-and-that-trump-seems-to-support-people-who-promote-them/},
  date = {2020-09-16},
  langid = {english}
}

@misc{pezet2020france,
  author = {Pezet, Jacques and Nass, Claire-Line},
  title = {{En France aussi, la chasse à QAnon est ouverte}},
  year = {2020},
  howpublished = {Libération},
  url = {https://www.liberation.fr/france/2020/10/10/en-france-aussi-la-chasse-a-qanon-est-ouverte_1801907},
  date = {2020-10-10},
  langid = {french}
}

@article{phadke2021social,
  author = {Phadke, Shruti and Samory, Mattia and Mitra, Tanushree},
  title = {{Characterizing Social Imaginaries and Self-Disclosures of Dissonance in Online Conspiracy Discussion Communities}},
  year = {2021},
  journal = {Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction},
  volume = {5},
  publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)},
  doi = {10.1145/3479855},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3479855},
  number = {CSCW2},
  date = {2021-10-13},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{phillips2025worried,
  author = {Phillips, Justin B.},
  title = {{“I’m so worried about my whole family”: Modeling r/QAnonCasualties to better understand the effects of (QAnon) conspiracy beliefs on families}},
  year = {2025},
  journal = {Journal of Social and Personal Relationships},
  volume = {42},
  pages = {1517--1536},
  doi = {10.1177/02654075251328116},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1177/02654075251328116},
  number = {7},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{phipson2010permutation,
  author = {Phipson, Belinda and Smyth, Gordon K.},
  title = {{Permutation P-values Should Never Be Zero: Calculating Exact P-values When Permutations Are Randomly Drawn}},
  year = {2010},
  journal = {Statistical Applications in Genetics and Molecular Biology},
  volume = {9},
  doi = {10.2202/1544-6115.1585},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.2202/1544-6115.1585},
  number = {1},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{priniski2021rise,
  author = {Priniski, J. Hunter and McClay, Mason and Holyoak, Keith J.},
  title = {{Rise of QAnon: A Mental Model of Good and Evil Stews in an Echochamber}},
  year = {2021},
  journal = {arXiv preprint arXiv:2105.04632},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2105.04632},
  date = {2021-05-10},
  langid = {english}
}

@techreport{prri2021understanding,
  author = {PRRI},
  title = {{Understanding QAnon's Connection to American Politics, Religion, and Media Consumption}},
  year = {2021},
  institution = {PRRI},
  publisher = {PRRI},
  url = {https://prri.org/research/qanon-conspiracy-american-politics-report/},
  date = {2021-05-27},
  langid = {english}
}

@techreport{prri2022beliefs,
  author = {PRRI Staff},
  title = {{QAnon Beliefs Have Increased Since 2021 as Americans Are Less Likely to Reject Conspiracies}},
  year = {2022},
  institution = {PRRI},
  publisher = {PRRI},
  url = {https://prri.org/spotlight/qanon-beliefs-have-increased-since-2021-as-americans-are-less-likely-to-reject-conspiracies/},
  date = {2022-06-24},
  langid = {english}
}

@techreport{prri2022persistence,
  author = {PRRI},
  title = {{The Persistence of QAnon in the Post-Trump Era: An Analysis of Who Believes the Conspiracies}},
  year = {2022},
  institution = {PRRI},
  publisher = {PRRI},
  url = {https://prri.org/research/the-persistence-of-qanon-in-the-post-trump-era-an-analysis-of-who-believes-the-conspiracies/},
  date = {2022-02-24},
  langid = {english}
}

@techreport{prri2023threats,
  author = {PRRI},
  title = {{Threats to American Democracy Ahead of an Unprecedented Presidential Election}},
  year = {2023},
  institution = {PRRI},
  publisher = {PRRI},
  url = {https://www.prri.org/research/threats-to-american-democracy-ahead-of-an-unprecedented-presidential-election/},
  date = {2023-10-25},
  langid = {english}
}

@techreport{prri2024rise,
  author = {PRRI Staff},
  title = {{The Rise and Impact of Q: The 2024 Election from the View of QAnon Believers}},
  year = {2024},
  institution = {PRRI},
  publisher = {PRRI},
  url = {https://prri.org/spotlight/the-rise-and-impact-of-q-the-2024-election-from-the-view-of-qanon-believers/},
  date = {2024-11-04},
  langid = {english}
}

@misc{qorigins2021how,
  author = {The Q Origins Project},
  title = {{How Q's 'Lost Drops' Undermine the QAnon Myth}},
  year = {2021},
  howpublished = {Bellingcat},
  url = {https://www.bellingcat.com/news/2021/04/22/how-qs-lost-drops-undermine-the-qanon-myth/},
  date = {2021-04-22},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{rabiner1989tutorial,
  author = {Rabiner, L. R.},
  title = {{A tutorial on hidden Markov models and selected applications in speech recognition}},
  year = {1989},
  journal = {Proceedings of the IEEE},
  volume = {77},
  pages = {257--286},
  doi = {10.1109/5.18626},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1109/5.18626},
  number = {2},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{rasoulikolamaki2026multimodal,
  author = {Rasoulikolamaki, Sahar and Mat Isa, Noor Aqsa Nabila and Zhdanava, Alena and Hardy, John},
  title = {{Multimodal stance-taking and ideological alignment in online far-right anti-immigration discourse}},
  year = {2026},
  journal = {Language in Society},
  pages = {1--23},
  doi = {10.1017/s0047404526102346},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1017/s0047404526102346},
  langid = {english}
}

@inproceedings{rastogi2025navigating,
  author = {Rastogi, Naman and Hill, Aly and Kogan, Marina},
  title = {{Navigating Early-Stage Migration: Comparing QAnon Community Dynamics on Twitter, Parler, and Dotwin}},
  year = {2025},
  booktitle = {The 2025 ACM International Conference on Supporting Group Work},
  pages = {54--57},
  doi = {10.1145/3688828.3699641},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3688828.3699641},
  langid = {english}
}

@incollection{raymondharris2024epistemology,
  author = {Raymond Harris, Keith},
  title = {{The Epistemology of QAnon}},
  year = {2024},
  booktitle = {American Conspiracism: An Interdisciplinary Exploration},
  pages = {19--33},
  publisher = {Routledge},
  doi = {10.4324/9781003459255-3},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003459255-3},
  langid = {english}
}

@phdthesis{revis2023our,
  author = {Revis, Eric},
  title = {{Our God's Appointed Ones: Using Eastern Cults to Predict Possible Paths for QAnon}},
  year = {2023},
  school = {Harvard University Division of Continuing Education},
  publisher = {Harvard University Division of Continuing Education},
  url = {https://nrs.harvard.edu/URN-3:HUL.INSTREPOS:37377236},
  langid = {english}
}

@misc{reynaud2022comment,
  author = {Reynaud, Florian and Brandy, Grégor},
  title = {{Comment les théories conspirationnistes de QAnon se déversent sur l’Europe}},
  year = {2022},
  howpublished = {Le Monde},
  url = {https://www.lemonde.fr/pixels/article/2022/10/13/comment-les-theories-conspirationnistes-de-qanon-se-deversent-sur-l-europe_6145699_4408996.html},
  date = {2022-10-13},
  langid = {french}
}

@incollection{richardson2023recruitment,
  author = {Richardson, James T.},
  title = {{Recruitment to QAnon: Ordinary Persuasion and Human Agency or "Brainwashing"?}},
  year = {2023},
  booktitle = {The Social Science of QAnon},
  pages = {104--120},
  publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
  doi = {10.1017/9781009052061.010},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009052061.010},
  editor = {Miller, Monica K.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{robertson2022how,
  author = {Robertson, David G. and Amarasingam, Amarnath},
  title = {{How conspiracy theorists argue: epistemic capital in the QAnon social media sphere}},
  year = {2022},
  journal = {Popular Communication},
  volume = {20},
  pages = {193--207},
  doi = {10.1080/15405702.2022.2050238},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/15405702.2022.2050238},
  number = {3},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{robie2022new,
  author = {Robie, David},
  title = {{FRONTLINE 1: New Zealand’s 23-day Parliament siege: QAnon and how social media disinformation manufactured an ‘alternate reality’}},
  year = {2022},
  journal = {Pacific Journalism Review : Te Koakoa},
  volume = {28},
  pages = {105--113},
  publisher = {Auckland University of Technology (AUT) Library},
  doi = {10.24135/pjr.v28i1and2.1265},
  number = {1 \& 2},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{rochecarcel2023religious,
  author = {Roche Cárcel, Juan Antonio},
  title = {{The Religious Genesis of Conspiracy Theories and Their Consequences for Democracy and Religion: The Case of QAnon}},
  year = {2023},
  journal = {Religions},
  volume = {14},
  pages = {734},
  doi = {10.3390/rel14060734},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.3390/rel14060734},
  number = {6},
  langid = {english}
}

@misc{ross2020why,
  author = {Ross, Kaz},
  title = {{Why QAnon is attracting so many followers in Australia — and how it can be countered}},
  year = {2020},
  howpublished = {The Conversation},
  publisher = {The Conversation Media Group Ltd},
  doi = {10.64628/aa.d3vt63v9h},
  date = {2020-08-24},
  langid = {english}
}

@misc{rothschild2018qanon,
  author = {Rothschild, Mike},
  title = {{Q Anon jargon, explained}},
  year = {2018},
  howpublished = {The Daily Dot},
  url = {https://dailydot.com/q-anon-jargon-explained},
  date = {2018-07-04},
  langid = {english}
}

@book{rothschild2021storm,
  author = {Rothschild, Mike},
  title = {{The Storm Is Upon Us: How QAnon Became a Movement, Cult, and Conspiracy Theory of Everything}},
  year = {2021},
  publisher = {Melville House},
  url = {https://openlibrary.org/works/OL24209566W},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{rothschild2022qanon,
  author = {Rothschild, Mike},
  title = {{QAnon et le futur de la politique américaine}},
  year = {2022},
  journal = {Hérodote},
  volume = {N° 184-185},
  pages = {185--200},
  doi = {10.3917/her.184.0185},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.3917/her.184.0185},
  number = {1},
  langid = {french}
}

@book{rothschild2023jewish,
  author = {Rothschild, Mike},
  title = {{Jewish Space Lasers: The Rothschilds and 200 Years of Conspiracy Theories, from Waterloo to Weather Weapons}},
  year = {2023},
  publisher = {Melville House Publishing},
  url = {https://openlibrary.org/works/OL34292356W},
  langid = {english}
}

@misc{ruest2025wwg1wga,
  author = {Ruest, Nick},
  title = {{\#WWG1WGA tweets}},
  year = {2025},
  howpublished = {Zenodo},
  doi = {10.5281/zenodo.17081126},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17081126},
  langid = {english}
}

@incollection{ruffini2025qanon,
  author = {Ruffini, Joseph A. and Ruffini, Patricia A.},
  title = {{QAnon}},
  year = {2025},
  booktitle = {U.S. Domestic and Transnational Terrorism},
  pages = {257--261},
  publisher = {CRC Press},
  doi = {10.4324/9781003627821-24},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003627821-24},
  langid = {english}
}

@misc{rupar2021trump,
  author = {Rupar, Verica and De Smedt, Tom},
  title = {{Trump’s time is up, but his Twitter legacy lives on in the global spread of QAnon conspiracy theories}},
  year = {2021},
  howpublished = {The Conversation},
  publisher = {The Conversation Media Group Ltd},
  doi = {10.64628/aa.e4wgfqsqq},
  date = {2021-01-19},
  langid = {english}
}

@incollection{russell2024qanon,
  author = {Russell, Francis},
  title = {{QAnon}},
  year = {2024},
  booktitle = {Digital Media as Ambient Therapy: The Ecological Self between Resonance and Alienation},
  pages = {78--101},
  publisher = {Routledge},
  doi = {10.4324/9781003215202-5},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003215202-5},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{sandlin2025support,
  author = {Sandlin, Evan W. and Garland, Marshall},
  title = {{Support for Partisan Violence among the Political Fringe: The Case of Antifa and QAnon Supporters}},
  year = {2025},
  journal = {Terrorism and Political Violence},
  volume = {37},
  pages = {707--726},
  doi = {10.1080/09546553.2024.2365764},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/09546553.2024.2365764},
  number = {5},
  langid = {english}
}

@phdthesis{sandy2023sacred,
  author = {Sandy, Brianna Nicole},
  title = {{Sacred Bodies: Gendered Experiences within the QAnon Mythology}},
  year = {2023},
  school = {Univerzita Karlova},
  publisher = {Univerzita Karlova},
  url = {http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-538813},
  langid = {english}
}

@misc{sauvage2020mouvance,
  author = {Sauvage, Grégoire},
  title = {{La mouvance complotiste QAnon essaime en Europe sur fond de crise du Covid-19}},
  year = {2020},
  howpublished = {France 24},
  url = {https://www.france24.com/fr/europe/20201015-la-mouvance-complotiste-qanon-essaime-en-europe-sur-fond-de-crise-du-covid-19},
  date = {2020-10-15},
  langid = {french}
}

@incollection{sayers2025do,
  author = {Sayers, Addie and Passmore, Ellie J. and Egerland, Hanson},
  title = {{"Do You Believe in Coincidences?": Digital Breadcrumbing in QAnon Forum Posts}},
  year = {2025},
  booktitle = {Experiencing Digital Discourses},
  pages = {287--317},
  publisher = {Springer Nature Switzerland},
  doi = {10.1007/978-3-031-77460-7_10},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-77460-7_10},
  editor = {Vásquez, Camilla and Chovanec, Jan},
  langid = {english}
}

@techreport{schaffner2020qanon,
  author = {Schaffner, Brian F.},
  title = {{QAnon and Conspiracy Beliefs}},
  year = {2020},
  institution = {Institute for Strategic Dialogue},
  publisher = {Institute for Strategic Dialogue},
  url = {https://www.isdglobal.org/publication/qanon-and-conspiracy-beliefs-3/},
  date = {2020-10-06},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{schreiber2000measuring,
  author = {Schreiber, Thomas},
  title = {{Measuring Information Transfer}},
  year = {2000},
  journal = {Physical Review Letters},
  volume = {85},
  pages = {461--464},
  doi = {10.1103/PhysRevLett.85.461},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.85.461},
  number = {2},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{schreiber2000surrogate,
  author = {Schreiber, Thomas and Schmitz, Andreas},
  title = {{Surrogate time series}},
  year = {2000},
  journal = {Physica D: Nonlinear Phenomena},
  volume = {142},
  pages = {346--382},
  doi = {10.1016/S0167-2789(00)00043-9},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-2789(00)00043-9},
  number = {3-4},
  langid = {english}
}

@inproceedings{sharma2022characterizing,
  author = {Sharma, Karishma and Ferrara, Emilio and Liu, Yan},
  title = {{Characterizing Online Engagement with Disinformation and Conspiracies in the 2020 U.S. Presidential Election}},
  year = {2022},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media},
  volume = {16},
  pages = {908--919},
  doi = {10.1609/icwsm.v16i1.19345},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1609/icwsm.v16i1.19345},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{silva2024new,
  author = {Silva, Ergon Cugler de Moraes},
  title = {{New world order, globalism and QAnon communities on Brazilian Telegram: how conspiracism opens doors to more harmful groups}},
  year = {2024},
  journal = {arXiv preprint arXiv:2409.12983},
  doi = {10.48550/arxiv.2409.12983},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2409.12983},
  langid = {english}
}

@inproceedings{sipka2022comparing,
  author = {Sipka, Andrea and Hannak, Aniko and Urman, Aleksandra},
  title = {{Comparing the Language of QAnon-Related Content on Parler, Gab, and Twitter}},
  year = {2022},
  booktitle = {14th ACM Web Science Conference 2022},
  pages = {411--421},
  publisher = {ACM},
  doi = {10.1145/3501247.3531550},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3501247.3531550},
  langid = {english}
}

@techreport{smith2020house,
  author = {Smith, Melanie},
  title = {{House Intelligence Committee Hearing on Misinformation and Conspiracy Theories Online}},
  year = {2020},
  institution = {Graphika},
  publisher = {Graphika},
  url = {https://www.graphika.com/reports/house-intelligence-committee-hearing-on-misinformation-and-conspiracy-theories-online},
  date = {2020-10-15},
  langid = {english}
}

@techreport{smith2020interpreting,
  author = {Smith, Melanie},
  title = {{Interpreting Social Qs: Implications of the Evolution of QAnon}},
  year = {2020},
  institution = {Graphika},
  publisher = {Graphika},
  url = {https://www.graphika.com/reports/interpreting-social-qs-implications-of-the-evolution-of-qanon},
  date = {2020-08-24},
  langid = {english}
}

@phdthesis{soderlund2026qanon,
  author = {Söderlund, Johanna and Steinsvik, Smilla},
  title = {{QAnon spelar schack - Brädet är ditt huvud: En kvalitativ undersökning av hur QAnon rörelsen använder sig av visuell politisk kommunikation, i form av ett meme-inlägg, för att sprida en Pro-Trump ideologi}},
  year = {2026},
  school = {Lund University},
  publisher = {Lund University},
  url = {https://lup.lub.lu.se/student-papers/record/9218507},
  langid = {sv}
}

@book{sommer2023trust,
  author = {Sommer, Will},
  title = {{Trust the Plan: The Rise of QAnon and the Conspiracy That Unhinged America}},
  year = {2023},
  publisher = {HarperCollins},
  url = {https://openlibrary.org/works/OL26341549W},
  langid = {english}
}

@techreport{soufan2021quantifying,
  author = {The Soufan Center},
  title = {{Quantifying The Q Conspiracy: A Data-Driven Approach to Understanding the Threat Posed by QAnon}},
  year = {2021},
  institution = {The Soufan Center},
  publisher = {The Soufan Center},
  url = {https://thesoufancenter.org/research/quantifying-the-q-conspiracy-a-data-driven-approach-to-understanding-the-threat-posed-by-qanon/},
  date = {2021-04-19},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{speakman2025start,
  author = {Speakman, Philip},
  title = {{“It May Start Out as a Game But It Ends up a Whole World”: Creepypasta, QAnon, and the Anomalous Tales of the Internet}},
  year = {2025},
  journal = {Contemporary Legend},
  volume = {3},
  url = {https://scholarworks.iu.edu/journals/index.php/cl/article/view/41601},
  langid = {english}
}

@misc{start2021crimemaps,
  author = {Jensen, Michael and Kane, Sheehan},
  title = {{QAnon Crime Maps}},
  year = {2021},
  publisher = {National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism (START), University of Maryland},
  url = {https://www.start.umd.edu/data-tools/qanon-crime-maps},
  date = {2021-09-24},
  langid = {english}
}

@misc{storchan2022comment,
  author = {Storchan, Victor},
  title = {{Comment nous avons trouvé qui était derrière QAnon}},
  year = {2022},
  howpublished = {Le Grand Continent},
  url = {https://legrandcontinent.eu/fr/2022/03/18/comment-nous-avons-trouve-qui-etait-derriere-qanon/},
  date = {2022-03-18},
  langid = {french}
}

@article{sweetser2025battle,
  author = {Sweetser, Kaye D. and Becktel, Kalyca Lynn},
  title = {{Battle cry to “Do the research”: Vulnerability to QAnon, Alt Media, and low news media literacy}},
  year = {2025},
  journal = {Journal of Media Literacy Education},
  volume = {17},
  pages = {19--36},
  doi = {10.23860/jmle-2025-17-2-2},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.23860/jmle-2025-17-2-2},
  number = {2},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{tangherlini2020automated,
  author = {Tangherlini, Timothy R. and Shahsavari, Shadi and Shahbazi, Behnam and Ebrahimzadeh, Ehsan and Roychowdhury, Vwani},
  title = {{An automated pipeline for the discovery of conspiracy and conspiracy theory narrative frameworks: Bridgegate, Pizzagate and storytelling on the web}},
  year = {2020},
  journal = {PLOS ONE},
  volume = {15},
  publisher = {Public Library of Science (PLoS)},
  doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0233879},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0233879},
  number = {6},
  date = {2020-06-16},
  langid = {english}
}

@incollection{tangherlini2023qanon,
  author = {Tangherlini, Timothy R. and Shahsavari, Shadi and Holur, Pavan and Roychowdhury, Vwani},
  title = {{QAnon, Folklore, and Conspiratorial Consensus: A Case Study in the Computational Analysis of Conspiracy Theory Narratives}},
  year = {2023},
  booktitle = {The Social Science of QAnon},
  pages = {234--251},
  publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
  doi = {10.1017/9781009052061.019},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009052061.019},
  editor = {Miller, Monica K.},
  langid = {english}
}

@incollection{tarzia2024satan,
  author = {Tarzia, Fabio},
  title = {{Satan's ways are endless}},
  year = {2024},
  booktitle = {Conspiracy Theories in Contemporary Italy: Cultural Production and Political Uses},
  pages = {120--140},
  publisher = {Routledge},
  doi = {10.4324/9781032704494-7},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.4324/9781032704494-7},
  langid = {english}
}

@misc{thevenet2020fanfiction,
  author = {Thévenet, Elisa},
  title = {{Et si le mouvement complotiste américain QAnon était une fanfiction ?}},
  year = {2020},
  howpublished = {Le Monde},
  url = {https://www.lemonde.fr/livres/article/2020/11/26/et-si-le-mouvement-complotiste-americain-qanon-etait-une-fanfiction_6061172_3260.html},
  date = {2020-11-26},
  langid = {french}
}

@misc{thomas2021german,
  author = {Thomas, W.F.},
  title = {{German QAnon Telegram Dataset}},
  year = {2021},
  publisher = {figshare},
  doi = {10.6084/m9.figshare.16879513},
  url = {https://figshare.com/articles/dataset/German_QAnon_Telegram_Dataset/16879513},
  langid = {english}
}

@incollection{thorpe2026pandemic,
  author = {Thorpe, Chelsea and Winston, David},
  title = {{Pandemic pressure}},
  year = {2026},
  booktitle = {The Routledge International Handbook on Social Exclusion and Radicalisation},
  pages = {59--67},
  publisher = {Routledge},
  doi = {10.4324/9781003488521-7},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003488521-7},
  langid = {english}
}

@misc{tian2021qanon,
  author = {Tian, Edward},
  title = {{The QAnon Timeline: Four Years, 5,000 Drops and Countless Failed Prophecies}},
  year = {2021},
  howpublished = {Bellingcat},
  url = {https://www.bellingcat.com/news/2021/01/29/the-qanon-timeline/},
  date = {2021-01-29},
  langid = {english}
}

@incollection{toler2024saviour,
  author = {Toler, Aric},
  title = {{Saviour or Menace? Crowdsourcing Open Source Research and the Rise of QAnon}},
  year = {2024},
  booktitle = {Open Source Investigations in the Age of Google},
  pages = {152--170},
  publisher = {World Scientific (Europe)},
  doi = {10.1142/9781800614079_0008},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1142/9781800614079_0008},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{tollefson2021tracking,
  author = {Tollefson, Jeff},
  title = {{Tracking QAnon: how Trump turned conspiracy-theory research upside down}},
  year = {2021},
  journal = {Nature},
  volume = {590},
  pages = {192--193},
  doi = {10.1038/d41586-021-00257-y},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-021-00257-y},
  number = {7845},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{trollinger2025creationism,
  author = {Trollinger, Susan and Trollinger, William Vance},
  title = {{From Creationism to QAnon: Answers in Genesis and the Culture Wars}},
  year = {2025},
  journal = {Isis},
  volume = {116},
  pages = {350--354},
  doi = {10.1086/735722},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1086/735722},
  number = {2},
  langid = {english}
}

@misc{trumptwitterarchive,
  author = {Trump Twitter Archive},
  title = {{Trump Twitter Archive}},
  url = {https://www.thetrumparchive.com/},
  langid = {english}
}

@incollection{turgeon2026influence,
  author = {Turgeon, Alexandre},
  title = {{L'influence de QAnon au Québec, d'Alexis Cossette-Trudel à Éric Duhaime: Signes d'une américanisation de la culture politique québécoise?}},
  year = {2026},
  booktitle = {La relation Québec-États-Unis},
  pages = {389--408},
  publisher = {Presses de l'Université Laval},
  doi = {10.2307/jj.38401867.21},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.2307/jj.38401867.21},
  editor = {Gagnon, Frédérick and Kirkey, Christopher and Paquin, Stéphane},
  langid = {french}
}

@article{tuters2018posttruth,
  author = {Tuters, Marc and Jokubauskaitė, Emilija and Bach, Daniel},
  title = {{Post-Truth Protest: How 4chan Cooked Up the Pizzagate Bullshit}},
  year = {2018},
  journal = {M/C Journal},
  volume = {21},
  doi = {10.5204/mcj.1422},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.5204/mcj.1422},
  number = {3},
  langid = {english}
}

@misc{twitter2021update,
  author = {Twitter},
  title = {{An update following the riots in Washington, DC}},
  year = {2021},
  publisher = {Twitter Blog},
  url = {https://blog.twitter.com/en_us/topics/company/2021/protecting--the-conversation-following-the-riots-in-washington--},
  date = {2021-01-12},
  langid = {english}
}

@phdthesis{uca2026reading,
  author = {Uca, Eda Ruhiye},
  title = {{Reading the Bible with QAnon: Truth and Conspiracy in American Evangelicalism}},
  year = {2026},
  school = {Northwestern University},
  publisher = {Northwestern University},
  doi = {10.21985/n2-et5x-pa31},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.21985/n2-et5x-pa31},
  langid = {english}
}

@book{uscinski2018conspiracy,
  title = {{Conspiracy Theories and the People Who Believe Them}},
  year = {2018},
  publisher = {Oxford University Press},
  doi = {10.1093/oso/9780190844073.001.0001},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190844073.001.0001},
  editor = {Uscinski, Joseph E.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{uscinski2022getting,
  author = {Uscinski, Joseph E.},
  title = {{Getting QAnon Wrong and Right}},
  year = {2022},
  journal = {Social Research: An International Quarterly},
  volume = {89},
  pages = {551--578},
  doi = {10.1353/sor.2022.0038},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1353/sor.2022.0038},
  number = {3},
  langid = {english}
}

@incollection{uscinski2023qanon,
  author = {Uscinski, Joseph and Enders, Adam M.},
  title = {{QAnon and the Politics of 2020}},
  year = {2023},
  booktitle = {The Social Science of QAnon},
  pages = {140--158},
  publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
  doi = {10.1017/9781009052061.013},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009052061.013},
  langid = {english}
}

@incollection{vanrijn2026game,
  author = {van Rijn, Nick},
  title = {{This is not a game, learn to play the game}},
  year = {2026},
  booktitle = {Playing Politics in Digital Spaces},
  pages = {139--151},
  publisher = {Routledge},
  doi = {10.4324/9781003629542-11},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003629542-11},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{veen2008estimation,
  author = {Veen, Alejandro and Schoenberg, Frederic P.},
  title = {{Estimation of Space–Time Branching Process Models in Seismology Using an EM–Type Algorithm}},
  year = {2008},
  journal = {Journal of the American Statistical Association},
  volume = {103},
  pages = {614--624},
  doi = {10.1198/016214508000000148},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1198/016214508000000148},
  number = {482},
  langid = {english}
}

@phdthesis{vestergaard2024fringe,
  author = {Vestergaard, Mads},
  title = {{From the Fringe to the Mainstream: The Impact of QAnon and Its Conspiratorial Narratives on Politics and Security in the United States}},
  year = {2024},
  school = {Univerzita Karlova},
  publisher = {Univerzita Karlova},
  url = {http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-678545},
  langid = {english}
}

@incollection{vint2026political,
  author = {Vint, Sherryl},
  title = {{Political Cosplay: QAnon, White Squall, and Narrative Politics}},
  year = {2026},
  booktitle = {Reactionary Worldbuilding},
  pages = {193--224},
  publisher = {The MIT Press},
  doi = {10.7551/mitpress/17000.003.0013},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/17000.003.0013},
  editor = {Banerjee, Anindita and Vint, Sherryl and Higgins, David M. and Carroll, Jordan S.},
  langid = {english}
}

@inproceedings{vishnuprasad2024tracking,
  author = {Vishnuprasad, Padinjaredath Suresh and Nogara, Gianluca and Cardoso, Felipe and Cresci, Stefano and Giordano, Silvia and Luceri, Luca},
  title = {{Tracking Fringe and Coordinated Activity on Twitter Leading Up to the US Capitol Attack}},
  year = {2024},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media},
  volume = {18},
  publisher = {Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence (AAAI)},
  doi = {10.1609/icwsm.v18i1.31409},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1609/icwsm.v18i1.31409},
  date = {2024-05-28},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{vuong1989likelihood,
  author = {Vuong, Quang H.},
  title = {{Likelihood Ratio Tests for Model Selection and Non-Nested Hypotheses}},
  year = {1989},
  journal = {Econometrica},
  volume = {57},
  pages = {307--333},
  doi = {10.2307/1912557},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.2307/1912557},
  number = {2},
  langid = {english}
}

@inproceedings{wang2023identifying,
  author = {Wang, Emily L. and Luceri, Luca and Pierri, Francesco and Ferrara, Emilio},
  title = {{Identifying and Characterizing Behavioral Classes of Radicalization within the QAnon Conspiracy on Twitter}},
  year = {2023},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media},
  volume = {17},
  pages = {890--901},
  doi = {10.1609/icwsm.v17i1.22197},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1609/icwsm.v17i1.22197},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{weinberg2025hidden,
  author = {Weinberg, Dana B. and Levy, Meyer D. and Edwards, April and Kopstein, Jeffrey S. and Frey, David and Antonaros, Peter and Baci, Nikola and Cohen, Noah D. and Fernandez, Javier A. and Ni, Yunis},
  title = {{Hidden in plain sight: antisemitic content in QAnon subreddits}},
  year = {2025},
  journal = {PLOS ONE},
  volume = {20},
  pages = {e0318988},
  doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0318988},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0318988},
  number = {3},
  langid = {english}
}

@incollection{wendling2024qanon,
  author = {Wendling, Mike},
  title = {{QAnon lives on and on}},
  year = {2024},
  booktitle = {Day of Reckoning: How the Far Right Declared War on Democracy},
  pages = {48--58},
  publisher = {Pluto Press},
  doi = {10.2307/jj.13286159.6},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.2307/jj.13286159.6},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{westerman2026algorithm,
  author = {Westerman, Joshua},
  title = {{What the Algorithm Wants: Amalia Ulman, Pastel QAnon, and the Structure of Digital Truth}},
  year = {2026},
  journal = {The International Journal of the Arts in Society: Annual Review},
  doi = {10.18848/1833-1866/cgp/a909},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.18848/1833-1866/cgp/a909},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{westmark2022identifying,
  author = {Westmark, Colton R. and McMahon, Adam M.},
  title = {{Identifying QAnon Conspiracy Theory Adherent Types}},
  year = {2022},
  journal = {New Political Science},
  volume = {44},
  pages = {607--627},
  doi = {10.1080/07393148.2022.2129927},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/07393148.2022.2129927},
  number = {4},
  langid = {english}
}

@misc{wheeldon2021stakes,
  author = {Wheeldon, Tom},
  title = {{'Stakes are high' as QAnon conspiracy phenomenon emerges in France}},
  year = {2021},
  howpublished = {France 24},
  url = {https://www.france24.com/en/france/20210220-stakes-are-high-as-qanon-conspiracy-phenomenon-emerges-in-france},
  date = {2021-02-20},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{whittaker2025smuggling,
  author = {Whittaker, Mimi},
  title = {{Smuggling Conspiracies}},
  year = {2025},
  journal = {Columbia Journal of Race and Law},
  volume = {15},
  doi = {10.52214/cjrl.v15i1.14110},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.52214/cjrl.v15i1.14110},
  number = {1},
  langid = {english}
}

@misc{wikimediapageviews,
  author = {Wikimedia Foundation},
  title = {{Wikimedia Analytics API: Pageviews}},
  url = {https://doc.wikimedia.org/generated-data-platform/aqs/analytics-api/},
  langid = {english}
}

@misc{wild2021toy,
  author = {Wild, Johanna},
  title = {{Toy Rabbits, Chemtrails and German QAnon Fanatics: How Not to Conduct Open Source Investigations}},
  year = {2021},
  howpublished = {Bellingcat},
  url = {https://www.bellingcat.com/news/2021/11/24/toy-rabbits-chemtrails-and-german-qanon-fanatics-how-not-to-conduct-open-source-investigations/},
  date = {2021-11-24},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{wilson1927probable,
  author = {Wilson, Edwin B.},
  title = {{Probable Inference, the Law of Succession, and Statistical Inference}},
  year = {1927},
  journal = {Journal of the American Statistical Association},
  volume = {22},
  pages = {209--212},
  doi = {10.1080/01621459.1927.10502953},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/01621459.1927.10502953},
  number = {158},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{wilt2025forms,
  author = {Wilt, Caitlyn},
  title = {{Forms of Social Solidarity in American Politics}},
  year = {2025},
  journal = {Berkeley Undergraduate Journal},
  volume = {39},
  doi = {10.5070/b3.50664},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.5070/b3.50664},
  number = {1},
  langid = {english}
}

@incollection{wright2023future,
  author = {Wright, Jared M. and Wright, Stuart A.},
  title = {{The Future of QAnon: Emergent Patterns of Social Movement Adaptation and Change}},
  year = {2023},
  booktitle = {The Social Science of QAnon},
  pages = {291--307},
  publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
  doi = {10.1017/9781009052061.023},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009052061.023},
  editor = {Miller, Monica K.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{wu2022legislator,
  author = {Wu, Victor and Carey, John and Nyhan, Brendan and Reifler, Jason},
  title = {{Legislator criticism of a candidate's conspiracy beliefs reduces support for the conspiracy but not the candidate: Evidence from Marjorie Taylor Greene and QAnon}},
  year = {2022},
  journal = {Harvard Kennedy School Misinformation Review},
  doi = {10.37016/mr-2020-103},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.37016/mr-2020-103},
  langid = {english}
}

@misc{wuming2020monde,
  author = {Wu Ming 1},
  title = {{Le monde de QAnon. Première partie}},
  year = {2020},
  howpublished = {Le Grand Continent},
  url = {https://legrandcontinent.eu/fr/2020/10/01/le-monde-de-qanon-1/},
  date = {2020-10-01},
  langid = {french}
}

@book{wuming2022q,
  author = {Wu Ming 1},
  title = {{Q comme qomplot : Comment les fantasmes de complot défendent le système}},
  year = {2022},
  publisher = {Lux Éditeur},
  url = {https://luxediteur.com/catalogue/q-comme-qomplot/},
  langid = {french}
}

@misc{wwg1wga2019qanon,
  author = {WWG1WGA},
  title = {{QAnon: An Invitation to The Great Awakening}},
  year = {2019},
  publisher = {Relentlessly Creative Books},
  url = {https://openlibrary.org/works/OL19093516W},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{xu2022network,
  author = {Xu, Wentao and Sasahara, Kazutoshi},
  title = {{A Network-Based Approach to QAnon User Dynamics and Topic Diversity During the COVID-19 Infodemic}},
  year = {2022},
  journal = {APSIPA Transactions on Signal and Information Processing},
  volume = {11},
  pages = {1--23},
  doi = {10.1561/116.00000055},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1561/116.00000055},
  number = {2},
  langid = {english}
}

@misc{yeung2022qanon,
  author = {Yeung, Jessie and Sukegawa, Tetsu},
  title = {{QAnon members in Japan sentenced for breaking into Covid vaccination centers}},
  year = {2022},
  howpublished = {CNN},
  url = {https://edition.cnn.com/2022/12/23/asia/japan-qanon-yamatoq-sentenced-intl-hnk/index.html},
  date = {2022-12-23},
  langid = {english}
}

@incollection{young2025qanon,
  author = {Young, Helen},
  title = {{QAnon: Dark Fantasy and the Authoritarian Personality}},
  year = {2025},
  booktitle = {Critical Theory and the Authoritarian Personality},
  pages = {34--64},
  publisher = {Edinburgh University Press},
  doi = {10.3366/edinburgh/9781399519458.003.0002},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781399519458.003.0002},
  langid = {english}
}

@misc{youtube2020managing,
  author = {YouTube},
  title = {{Managing harmful conspiracy theories on YouTube}},
  year = {2020},
  publisher = {YouTube Official Blog},
  url = {https://blog.youtube/news-and-events/harmful-conspiracy-theories-youtube},
  date = {2020-10-15},
  langid = {english}
}

@misc{zadrozny2018how,
  author = {Zadrozny, Brandy and Collins, Ben},
  title = {{How three conspiracy theorists took 'Q' and sparked Qanon}},
  year = {2018},
  howpublished = {NBC News},
  url = {https://www.nbcnews.com/tech/tech-news/how-three-conspiracy-theorists-took-q-sparked-qanon-n900531},
  date = {2018-08-14},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{zhang2024peripheral,
  author = {Zhang, Yini and Yue, Zhiying and Yang, Xiyu and Chen, Fan and Kwak, Nojin},
  title = {{How a peripheral ideology becomes mainstream: Strategic performance, audience reaction, and news media amplification in the case of QAnon Twitter accounts}},
  year = {2024},
  journal = {New Media \& Society},
  volume = {26},
  pages = {5597--5618},
  doi = {10.1177/14614448221137324},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1177/14614448221137324},
  number = {10},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{zihiri2022qanon,
  author = {Zihiri, Saifeldeen and Lima, Gabriel and Han, Jiyoung and Cha, Meeyoung and Lee, Wonjae},
  title = {{QAnon shifts into the mainstream, remains a far-right ally}},
  year = {2022},
  journal = {Heliyon},
  volume = {8},
  pages = {e08764},
  doi = {10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e08764},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e08764},
  number = {2},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{zuckerman2019qanon,
  author = {Zuckerman, Ethan},
  title = {{QAnon and the Emergence of the Unreal}},
  year = {2019},
  journal = {Journal of Design and Science},
  doi = {10.21428/7808da6b.6b8a82b9},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.21428/7808da6b.6b8a82b9},
  number = {6},
  langid = {english}
}